Abstract
The allelopathic compounds in the soil can be accumulated through the continuous cultivation of faba bean, intensifying the soilborne disease advancement. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the photosynthesis-related mechanisms by which benzoic acid, an allelopathic compound, promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development. The sample plants were treated with and without F. commune and exposed to varying concentrations of benzoic acid. The effects on seedling growth, Fusarium wilt occurrence, nutrient absorption, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic enzyme activities, photosynthetic assimilates, and the levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression were explored. Compared with the control, F. commune inoculation substantially decreased the leaf growth and increased the Fusarium wilt instances. Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune decreased the zinc, magnesium, manganese, iron, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total potassium in roots and leaves; reduced carotenoid, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b levels; decreased the quantum yield and photochemical quenching coefficient of PSII; increased the non-photochemical quenching coefficient; reduced the activities of H + -ATPase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sucrose synthase, and activator; increased starch content; decreased soluble sugar and sucrose levels; and upregulated PR1, PR2, and PR10 in leaves. Additionally, benzoic acid and F. commune treatment further reduced leaf growth and increased Fusarium wilt occurrence in faba bean. The investigation indicated that benzoic acid exacerbated the Fusarium wilt development and inhibited faba bean growth by reducing mineral nutrient absorption and impairing photosynthesis. This research might provide more information and enhance our understanding of plant soilborne disease in agriculture.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with the control, F. commune inoculation substantially decreased leaf growth of faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- F. commune inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf growthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Compared with the control, F. commune inoculation substantially decreased the leaf growth and increased the Fusarium wilt instances”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with the control, F. commune inoculation increased Fusarium wilt instances in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- F. commune inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Fusarium wilt instancese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Compared with the control, F. commune inoculation substantially decreased the leaf growth and increased the Fusarium wilt instances”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune decreased zinc, magnesium and manganese in roots and leaves of faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese2
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- zinc, magnesium, manganesee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“decreased the zinc, magnesium, manganese, iron, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total potassium in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune decreased iron, total phosphorus and total nitrogen in roots and leaves of faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese2
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- iron, total phosphorus, total nitrogene2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“decreased the zinc, magnesium, manganese, iron, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total potassium in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune decreased total potassium in roots and leaves of faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese2
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- total potassiume2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“decreased the zinc, magnesium, manganese, iron, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total potassium in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune reduced carotenoid, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b levels in faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- carotenoid, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b levelse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“reduced carotenoid, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune decreased the PSII quantum yield and photochemical quenching coefficient of faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- quantum yield and photochemical quenching coefficient of PSIIe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“decreased the quantum yield and photochemical quenching coefficient of PSII”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune increased the non-photochemical quenching coefficient of faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quenching coefficiente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“increased the non-photochemical quenching coefficient”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune reduced the activities of H+-ATPase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- activities of H + -ATPase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatasee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“reduced the activities of H + -ATPase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sucrose synthase, and activator”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune reduced the activities of sucrose synthase and activator in faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- sucrose synthase, and activatore2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“reduced the activities of H + -ATPase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sucrose synthase, and activator”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune increased starch content in faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- starch contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“increased starch content”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune decreased soluble sugar and sucrose levels in faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- soluble sugar and sucrose levelse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“decreased soluble sugar and sucrose levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid plus F. commune upregulated PR1, PR2 and PR10 in leaves of faba bean relative to F. commune alone.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- benzoic acid and F. communee1
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Gene
- PR1, PR2, and PR10e2
- Outcome
- PR1, PR2, and PR10e2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
- Comparator
- F. commune-alone treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promotes faba bean Fusarium wilt (Fusarium commune) development”
e1“Different from the F. commune-alone treatment, the treatment of benzoic acid and F. commune”
e2“upregulated PR1, PR2, and PR10 in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that benzoic acid exacerbated Fusarium wilt development and inhibited faba bean growth by reducing mineral nutrient absorption and impairing photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- benzoic acide0
- Outcome
- Fusarium wilt developmente0
- Qualifier
- reducing mineral nutrient absorption and impairing photosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“benzoic acid exacerbated the Fusarium wilt development and inhibited faba bean growth by reducing mineral nutrient absorption and impairing photosynthesis”
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See all 69 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.