Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important nutritional source globally but is sensitive to high temperatures and thus particularly vulnerable to climate change. Derived from a breeding program at CIAT (Colombia), a heat-tolerant breeding line, named heat-tolerant Andean-type 4 (HTA4), was developed by a series of crosses of parents with a small-bean tepary genotype (Phaseolus acutifolius L.) in their pedigree, which might be the donor of heat stress (HS) tolerance. Importantly, in HTA4, the large, commercially desirable Andean-type beans was restored. To assess underlying tolerance mechanisms, HTA4, together with a heat-sensitive Colombian variety (Calima), was exposed to HS (31 °C/24 °C HS vs. 26 °C/19 °C day/night) under controlled environment conditions. Vegetative growth and photosynthetic performance were not negatively impacted by HS in either genotype, although senescence was delayed in Calima. HS during the reproductive stage caused an increase in pod number in Calima but with few fully developed seeds and many pods aborted and/or abscised. In contrast, HTA4 maintained a similar filled pod number under HS and a higher seed weight per plant. Pollen showed high sterility in Calima, with many non-viable pollen grains (24.9% viability compared to 98.4% in control) with a thicker exine and fewer starch granules under HS. Calima pollen failed to adhere to the stigma and germinate under HS. In HTA4, pollen viability was significantly higher than in Calima (71.1% viability compared to 95.4% under control), and pollen successfully germinated and formed pollen tubes in the style under HS. It is concluded that HTA4 is heat tolerant and maintains a high level of reproductive output due to its ability to produce healthy pollen that is able to adhere to the stigma.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
HTA4 developed large Andean-type beans.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Material
- HTA4e0
- Outcome
- large, commercially desirable Andean-type beanse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in HTA4, the large, commercially desirable Andean-type beans was restored”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress did not negatively affect vegetative growth or photosynthesis in either genotype.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- Vegetative growth and photosynthetic performancee0
- Direction
- not negatively impactede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative growth and photosynthetic performance were not negatively impacted by HS in either genotype”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress delayed senescence in Calima.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Calimae0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative growth and photosynthetic performance were not negatively impacted by HS in either genotype, although senescence was delayed in Calima”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased Calima pod number, but few seeds developed and many pods aborted or abscised.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Calimae0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HS during the reproductive stage caused an increase in pod number in Calima but with few fully developed seeds and many pods aborted and/or abscised”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, HTA4 maintained filled pod number.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- HTA4e0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- filled pod numbere0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTA4 maintained a similar filled pod number under HS”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, HTA4 had higher seed weight per plant.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- HTA4e0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- seed weight per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTA4 maintained a similar filled pod number under HS and a higher seed weight per plant”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced Calima pollen viability to 24.9% versus 98.4% in control.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Calimae0
- Treatment
- High Temperaturet0
- Outcome
- viabilitye0
- Direction
- non-viablee0
- Value
- 24.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 98.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen showed high sterility in Calima, with many non-viable pollen grains (24.9% viability compared to 98.4% in control)”
t0“High Temperature Tolerance in a Novel, High-Quality Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Calima pollen had thicker exine and fewer starch granules under heat.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- exinee0
- Direction
- thickere0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a thicker exine and fewer starch granules under HS”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Calima pollen failed to adhere to stigmas and germinate under heat.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Calimae0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- failed to adhere to the stigma and germinatee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calima pollen failed to adhere to the stigma and germinate under HS”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
HTA4 pollen viability was significantly higher than Calima under heat.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- HTA4e0
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 71.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 95.4%e0
- Comparator
- Calimae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In HTA4, pollen viability was significantly higher than in Calima (71.1% viability compared to 95.4% under control)”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
HTA4 pollen germinated and formed pollen tubes under heat.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- HTA4e0
- Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- successfully germinated and formed pollen tubese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In HTA4, pollen viability was significantly higher than in Calima (71.1% viability compared to 95.4% under control), and pollen successfully germinated and formed pollen tubes in the style under HS”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.