Abstract
Cadmium and drought stress are the most destructive of the abiotic stresses with negative effects on both metabolism and photosynthesis. The present experiment aimed to analyze the impact of inoculation with Bacillus paralicheniformis and Trichoderma asperellum on the growth and antioxidant response modulation of maize (Zea mays L.), under drought and Cadmium (Cd) stresses. Regarding plant biomass analysis, fungi inoculation increased leaf dry biomass significantly (11.92%) towards uninoculated ones. The leaf area was affected significantly by bacterial application, 12.15% more than the control. A significant trend (drought+ Cd stress) was observed between fungi-inoculated maize leaves (15.07 µmol/g FW) and bacterial-inoculated leaves (18.71 µmol/g FW) regarding the malondialdehyde quantity. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase were notably higher (9.63–40.88%) in microorganism-inoculated roots. Similarly, under drought + Cd stress, peroxidase demonstrated a higher activity under bacterial inoculation than fungal ones (92.11% more). The maximum translocation factor was observed in the uninoculated group (under Cd stress), while the bioconcentration factor under drought stress showed a significant increase by microorganisms. The maximum relative water content under bacterial inoculation (82.66%) was achieved. The fungi and bacterial inoculation minimized Cd accumulation in the leaf significantly under drought and drought + Cd stress. Generally, the microorganism inoculation positively and partially maintained the plant’s performance, despite the presence of drought and Cd stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation increased leaf dry biomass by 11.92% versus uninoculated plants.
- Treatment
- fungi inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume2symbiont - Outcome
- leaf dry biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.92%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungi inoculation increased leaf dry biomass significantly (11.92%) towards uninoculated ones.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Trichoderma asperellum”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial application increased leaf area by 12.15% versus control.
- Treatment
- bacterial applicatione0
- Interactor
- Bacillus paralicheniformisBacillus paralicheniformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Value
- 12.15%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf area was affected significantly by bacterial application, 12.15% more than the control.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Bacillus paralicheniformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought and Cd stress fungal inoculation yielded leaf malondialdehyde of 15.07 µmol/g FW.
- Treatment
- fungi-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellumTrichoderma asperellume1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde quantitye0
- Value
- 15.07 µmol/g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungi-inoculated maize leaves (15.07 µmol/g FW) and bacterial-inoculated leaves (18.71 µmol/g FW) regarding the malondialdehyde quantity.”
e1“Trichoderma asperellum”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought and Cd stress bacterial inoculation yielded leaf malondialdehyde of 18.71 µmol/g FW.
- Treatment
- bacterial-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- Bacillus paralicheniformisBacillus paralicheniformise1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde quantitye0
- Value
- 18.71 µmol/g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungi-inoculated maize leaves (15.07 µmol/g FW) and bacterial-inoculated leaves (18.71 µmol/g FW) regarding the malondialdehyde quantity.”
e1“Bacillus paralicheniformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation raised root superoxide dismutase activity by 9.63–40.88%.
- Treatment
- microorganism-inoculatede0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.63–40.88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of superoxide dismutase were notably higher (9.63–40.88%) in microorganism-inoculated roots.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation raised peroxidase activity 92.11% relative to fungi under drought plus Cd.
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Bacillus paralicheniformisBacillus paralicheniformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 92.11%e0
- Comparator
- fungal onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under drought + Cd stress, peroxidase demonstrated a higher activity under bacterial inoculation than fungal ones (92.11% more).”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Bacillus paralicheniformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated plants under Cd stress had the maximum translocation factor.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum translocation factor was observed in the uninoculated group (under Cd stress)”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microorganisms significantly increased bioconcentration factor under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bioconcentration factor under drought stress showed a significant increase by microorganisms.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation produced maximum relative water content of 82.66%.
- Interactor
- Bacillus paralicheniformisBacillus paralicheniformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 82.66%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum relative water content under bacterial inoculation (82.66%) was achieved.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Bacillus paralicheniformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation reduced leaf Cd accumulation under drought and combined stress.
- Treatment
- fungie0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellumTrichoderma asperellume2symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd accumulation in the leafe0
- Direction
- minimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungi and bacterial inoculation minimized Cd accumulation in the leaf significantly under drought and drought + Cd stress.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Trichoderma asperellum”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation reduced leaf Cd accumulation under drought and combined stress.
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Bacillus paralicheniformisBacillus paralicheniformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd accumulation in the leafe0
- Direction
- minimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungi and bacterial inoculation minimized Cd accumulation in the leaf significantly under drought and drought + Cd stress.”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Bacillus paralicheniformis”
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inoculation · Bacillus paralicheniformis · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.