Abstract
Girdling is a horticultural technique that enhances fruit size by allocating more carbohydrates to fruits, yet its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, girdling was applied to the main stems of tomato plants 14 days after anthesis. Following girdling, there was a significant increase in fruit volume, dry weight, and starch accumulation. Interestingly, although sucrose transport to the fruit increased, the fruit's sucrose concentration decreased. Girdling also led to an increase in the activities of enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and AGPase, and to an upregulation in the expression of key genes related to sugar transport and utilization. Moreover, the assay of carboxyfluorescein (CF) signal in detached fruit indicated that girdled fruits exhibited a greater ability to take up carbohydrates. These results indicate that girdling improves sucrose unloading and sugar utilization in fruit, thereby enhancing fruit sink strength. In addition, girdling induced cytokinin (CK) accumulation, promoted cell division in the fruit, and upregulated the expression of genes related to CK synthesis and activation. Furthermore, the results of a sucrose injection experiment suggested that increased sucrose import induced CK accumulation in the fruit. This study sheds light on the mechanisms by which girdling promotes fruit enlargement and provides novel insights into the interaction between sugar import and CK accumulation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling significantly increased fruit volume, dry weight and starch accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- fruit volume, dry weight, and starch accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following girdling, there was a significant increase in fruit volume, dry weight, and starch accumulation”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling increased sucrose transport to fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Girdlingt0
- Outcome
- sucrose transport to the fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sucrose transport to the fruit increased”
t0“Girdling promotes tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling decreased fruit sucrose concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Girdlingt0
- Outcome
- sucrose concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fruit's sucrose concentration decreased”
t0“Girdling promotes tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling increased activities of sucrose hydrolysis enzymes and AGPase.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Girdlinge0
- Gene
- AGPasee0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and AGPasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Girdling also led to an increase in the activities of enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and AGPase”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling upregulated genes for sugar transport and utilization.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Girdlingt0
- Outcome
- expression of key genes related to sugar transport and utilizatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an upregulation in the expression of key genes related to sugar transport and utilization”
t0“Girdling promotes tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdled fruit had greater capacity to take up carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- girdlede0
- Outcome
- ability to take up carbohydratese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“girdled fruits exhibited a greater ability to take up carbohydrates”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling induced cytokinin accumulation in fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- cytokinin (CK) accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“girdling induced cytokinin (CK) accumulation”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling promoted fruit cell division.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- girdlingt0
- Outcome
- cell division in the fruite0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted cell division in the fruit”
t0“Girdling promotes tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling upregulated genes for cytokinin synthesis and activation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- girdlingt0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to CK synthesis and activatione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulated the expression of genes related to CK synthesis and activation”
t0“Girdling promotes tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose injection suggested increased sucrose import induced fruit cytokinin accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- CK accumulation in the fruite0
- Qualifier
- increased sucrose importe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased sucrose import induced CK accumulation in the fruit”
t0“tomato”
The same questions in other papers
pruning · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
pruning · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →pruning · quality: sugar starch · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →pruning · cytology · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
pruning · physiology: hormones · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.