Abstract
Industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) has demonstrated promise for phytoremediation due to an extensive root system, large biomass, and ability to survive under relatively high levels of heavy metals. However, little research has been conducted to determine the impact of heavy metal uptake in hemp grown for medicinal use. This study evaluated the potential for cadmium (Cd) uptake and its impact on growth, physiological responses, and transcript expression of metal transporter genes in a hemp variety grown for flower production. The cultivar ‘Purple Tiger’ was exposed to 0, 2.5, 10, and 25 mg·L -1 Cd in a greenhouse hydroponic study in two independent experiments. Plants exposed to 25 mg·L -1 Cd displayed stunted plant growth characteristics, reduced photochemical efficiency, and premature senescence suggesting Cd toxicity. At the two lower concentrations of Cd (2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cd), plant height, biomass, and photochemical efficiency were not affected, with chlorophyll content index (CCI) being slightly lower at 10 mg·L -1 Cd, compared to 2.5 mg·L -1 Cd. There were no consistent differences between the two experiments in total cannabidiol (CDB) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in flower tissues at 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cd, compared to the control treatment. Root tissue accumulated the highest amount of Cd compared to other tissues for all the Cd treatments, suggesting preferential root sequestration of this heavy metal in hemp. Transcript abundance analysis of heavy metal-associated (HMA) transporter genes suggested that all seven members of this gene family are expressed in hemp, albeit with higher expression in the roots than in the leaves. In roots, CsHMA3 was up-regulated at 45 and 68 d after treatment (DAT), and CsHMA1 , CsHMA 4, and CsHMA 5 were upregulated only under long term Cd stress at 68 DAT, at 10 mg·L -1 Cd. Results suggest that expression of multiple HMA transporter genes in the root tissue may be upregulated in hemp exposed to 10 mg·L -1 Cd in a nutrient solution. These transporters could be involved in Cd uptake in the roots via regulating its transport and sequestration, and xylem loading for long distance transport of Cd to shoot, leaf, and flower tissues.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
25 mg·L -1 Cd stunted hemp growth.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Cannabis sativat0 - Treatment
- 25 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- plant growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- stuntede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants exposed to 25 mg·L -1 Cd displayed stunted plant growth characteristics, reduced photochemical efficiency, and premature senescence”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
25 mg·L -1 Cd reduced photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 25 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants exposed to 25 mg·L -1 Cd displayed stunted plant growth characteristics, reduced photochemical efficiency, and premature senescence”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
25 mg·L -1 Cd caused premature senescence.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 25 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- premature senescencee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants exposed to 25 mg·L -1 Cd displayed stunted plant growth characteristics, reduced photochemical efficiency, and premature senescence”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cd, plant height, biomass and photochemical efficiency were unaffected.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- plant height, biomass, and photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the two lower concentrations of Cd (2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cd), plant height, biomass, and photochemical efficiency were not affected”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CCI was slightly lower at 10 than 2.5 mg·L -1 Cd.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content index (CCI)e0
- Direction
- slightly lowere0
- Comparator
- 2.5 mg·L -1 Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content index (CCI) being slightly lower at 10 mg·L -1 Cd, compared to 2.5 mg·L -1 Cd”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower cannabidiol concentration had no consistent difference from control at lower Cd doses.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Organ / stage
- flower tissuese0
- Treatment
- 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- total cannabidiol (CDB)e0
- Direction
- no consistent differencese0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no consistent differences between the two experiments in total cannabidiol (CDB) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in flower tissues at 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cd, compared to the control treatment”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower THC concentration had no consistent difference from control at lower Cd doses.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Organ / stage
- flower tissuese0
- Treatment
- 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Outcome
- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrationse0
- Direction
- no consistent differencese0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no consistent differences between the two experiments in total cannabidiol (CDB) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in flower tissues at 2.5 and 10 mg·L -1 Cd, compared to the control treatment”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots accumulated more Cd than other tissues at every Cd treatment.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Root tissuee0
- Outcome
- amount of Cde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root tissue accumulated the highest amount of Cd compared to other tissues for all the Cd treatments”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All seven HMA transporter family members were expressed in hemp.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Outcome
- expressede0
- Value
- sevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all seven members of this gene family are expressed in hemp”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HMA gene expression was higher in roots than leaves.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher expression in the roots than in the leaves”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CsHMA3 was upregulated in roots at 45 and 68 DAT.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- CsHMA3e0
- Outcome
- CsHMA3e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- 45 and 68 d after treatment (DAT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In roots, CsHMA3 was up-regulated at 45 and 68 d after treatment (DAT)”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CsHMA1 was upregulated in roots at 68 DAT under 10 mg·L -1 Cd.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Gene
- CsHMA1e0
- Outcome
- CsHMA1e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- 68 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CsHMA1 , CsHMA 4, and CsHMA 5 were upregulated only under long term Cd stress at 68 DAT, at 10 mg·L -1 Cd”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CsHMA 4 was upregulated in roots at 68 DAT under 10 mg·L -1 Cd.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Gene
- CsHMA 4e0
- Outcome
- CsHMA 4e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- 68 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CsHMA1 , CsHMA 4, and CsHMA 5 were upregulated only under long term Cd stress at 68 DAT, at 10 mg·L -1 Cd”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CsHMA 5 was upregulated in roots at 68 DAT under 10 mg·L -1 Cd.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L -1 Cde0
- Gene
- CsHMA 5e0
- Outcome
- CsHMA 5e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- 68 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CsHMA1 , CsHMA 4, and CsHMA 5 were upregulated only under long term Cd stress at 68 DAT, at 10 mg·L -1 Cd”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest root HMA transporters could participate in Cd uptake and transport.
- Taxon
- hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
- Outcome
- Cd uptake in the rootse0
- Qualifier
- regulating its transport and sequestration, and xylem loadinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These transporters could be involved in Cd uptake in the roots via regulating its transport and sequestration, and xylem loading for long distance transport of Cd to shoot, leaf, and flower tissues”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →cadmium atom · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Cannabis sativaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Cannabis sativaResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.