Abstract
Drought is a leading threat that impinges on plant growth and productivity. Nanotechnology is considered an adequate tool for resolving various environmental issues by offering avant-garde and pragmatic solutions. Using nutrients in the nano-scale including CaP-U NPs is a novel fertilization strategy for crops. The present study was conducted to develop and utilize environment-friendly urea nanoparticles (NPs) based nano-fertilizers as a crop nutrient. The high solubility of urea molecules was controlled by integrating them with a matrix of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP NPs). CaP NPs contain high phosphorous and outstanding biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to characterize the fabricated NPs. FE-SEM determined no areas of phase separation in urea and calcium phosphate, indicating the successful formation of an encapsulated nanocomposite between the two nano matrices. TEM examination confirmed a fiber-like structure of CaP-U NPs with 15 to 50 nm diameter and 100 to 200 nm length. The synthesized CaP-U NPs and bulk urea (0.0, 0.1% and 0.5%) were applied by foliar sprays at an interval of 15 days on pre-sowed VL-379 variety of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.), under irrigated and drought conditions. The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes such as shoot length (29.4 & 41%), root length (46.4 & 51%), shoot fresh (33.6 & 55.8%) and dry weight (63 & 59.1%), and root fresh (57 & 61%) and dry weight (78 & 80.7%), improved pigment system (chlorophyll) and activated plant defense enzymes such as proline (35.4%), superoxide dismutase (47.7%), guaiacol peroxidase (30.2%), ascorbate peroxidase (70%) under both irrigated and drought conditions. Superimposition of five treatment combinations on drought suggested that CaP-U NPs at 0.5 followed by 0.1% provided the highest growth indices and defense-related enzymes, which were significantly different. Overall, our findings suggested that synthesized CaP-U NPs treatment of finger millet seeds improved plant growth and enzymatic regulation, particularly more in drought conditions providing insight into the strategy for not only finger millet but probably for other commercial cereals crops which suffer from fluctuating environmental conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased shoot length by 29.4% and 41% under irrigated and drought conditions.
- Taxon
- finger millet
Eleusine coracanat0 - Treatment
- CaP-U NPse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.4 & 41%e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes such as shoot length (29.4 & 41%)”
e1“under both irrigated and drought conditions”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased root length by 46.4% and 51%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 46.4 & 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (46.4 & 51%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased shoot fresh weight by 33.6% and 55.8%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- shoot freshe0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 33.6 & 55.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh (33.6 & 55.8%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased shoot dry weight by 63% and 59.1%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 63 & 59.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry weight (63 & 59.1%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased root fresh weight by 57% and 61%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- root freshe0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 57 & 61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh (57 & 61%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased root dry weight by 78% and 80.7%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 78 & 80.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry weight (78 & 80.7%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced different plant growth attributes”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles improved chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved pigment system (chlorophyll)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased proline by 35.4%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- activatede2
- Value
- 35.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline (35.4%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced”
e2“activated plant defense enzymes such as proline”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased superoxide dismutase by 47.7%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- activatede2
- Value
- 47.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (47.7%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced”
e2“activated plant defense enzymes such as proline”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased guaiacol peroxidase by 30.2%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidasee0
- Direction
- activatede2
- Value
- 30.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“guaiacol peroxidase (30.2%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced”
e2“activated plant defense enzymes such as proline”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CaP-U nanoparticles increased ascorbate peroxidase by 70%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPse1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- activatede2
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (70%)”
e1“The application of the CaP-U NPs significantly enhanced”
e2“activated plant defense enzymes such as proline”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, 0.5% CaP-U nanoparticles gave the highest growth indices and defense-related enzymes, followed by 0.1%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- CaP-U NPs at 0.5e0
- Outcome
- growth indices and defense-related enzymese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- droughte1
- Comparator
- 0.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaP-U NPs at 0.5 followed by 0.1% provided the highest growth indices and defense-related enzymes, which were significantly different”
e1“Superimposition of five treatment combinations on drought”
t0“finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)”
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