Abstract
Heavy metal stress, including from chromium, has detrimental effects on crop growth and yields worldwide. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have demonstrated great efficiency in mitigating these adverse effects. The present study investigated the potential of the PGPR strain Azospirillum brasilense EMCC1454 as a useful bio-inoculant for boosting the growth, performance and chromium stress tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants exposed to varying levels of chromium stress (0, 130 and 260 µM K2Cr2O7). The results revealed that A. brasilense EMCC1454 could tolerate chromium stress up to 260 µM and exhibited various plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and generation of siderophore, trehalose, exopolysaccharide, ACC deaminase, indole acetic acid, and hydrolytic enzymes. Chromium stress doses induced the formation of PGP substances and antioxidants in A. brasilense EMCC1454. In addition, plant growth experiments showed that chromium stress significantly inhibited the growth, minerals acquisition, leaf relative water content, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange traits, and levels of phenolics and flavonoids of chickpea plants. Contrarily, it increased the concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, proteins, oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic (CAT, APX, SOD, and POD) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidants in plants. On the other hand, A. brasilense EMCC1454 application alleviated oxidative stress markers and significantly boosted the growth traits, gas exchange characteristics, nutrient acquisition, osmolyte formation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in chromium-stressed plants. Moreover, this bacterial inoculation upregulated the expression of genes related to stress tolerance (CAT, SOD, APX, CHS, DREB2A, CHI, and PAL). Overall, the current study demonstrated the effectiveness of A. brasilense EMCC1454 in enhancing plant growth and mitigating chromium toxicity impacts on chickpea plants grown under chromium stress circumstances by modulating the antioxidant machinery, photosynthesis, osmolyte production, and stress-related gene expression.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum brasilense EMCC1454 tolerated chromium up to 260 µM.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454
Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont - Outcome
- A. brasilense EMCC1454 could tolerate chromium stresse0
- Value
- 260 µMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 could tolerate chromium stress up to 260 µM”
e1“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The bacterial strain exhibited nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and siderophore production.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and generation of siderophoree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 could tolerate chromium stress up to 260 µM and exhibited various plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and generation of siderophore, trehalose, exopolysaccharide, ACC deaminase, indole acetic acid, and hydrolytic enzymes”
e1“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The strain generated trehalose, exopolysaccharide and ACC deaminase.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- trehalose, exopolysaccharide, ACC deaminasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 could tolerate chromium stress up to 260 µM and exhibited various plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and generation of siderophore, trehalose, exopolysaccharide, ACC deaminase, indole acetic acid, and hydrolytic enzymes”
e1“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The strain generated indole acetic acid and hydrolytic enzymes.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid, and hydrolytic enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 could tolerate chromium stress up to 260 µM and exhibited various plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and generation of siderophore, trehalose, exopolysaccharide, ACC deaminase, indole acetic acid, and hydrolytic enzymes”
e1“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium doses induced bacterial plant growth promoting substances and antioxidants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Chromium stress dosese0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- formation of PGP substances and antioxidants in A. brasilense EMCC1454e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium stress doses induced the formation of PGP substances and antioxidants in A. brasilense EMCC1454”
e1“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress inhibited chickpea growth, mineral acquisition and leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- chromium stresse0
- Outcome
- growth, minerals acquisition, leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chromium stress significantly inhibited the growth, minerals acquisition, leaf relative water content, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange traits, and levels of phenolics and flavonoids of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress inhibited chickpea photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- chromium stresse0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange traitse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chromium stress significantly inhibited the growth, minerals acquisition, leaf relative water content, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange traits, and levels of phenolics and flavonoids of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress inhibited chickpea phenolics and flavonoid levels.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- chromium stresse0
- Outcome
- levels of phenolics and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chromium stress significantly inhibited the growth, minerals acquisition, leaf relative water content, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange traits, and levels of phenolics and flavonoids of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress increased proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Outcome
- concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, proteins, oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic (CAT, APX, SOD, and POD) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidants in plants”
e1“of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress increased proteins and oxidative stress markers in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Outcome
- proteins, oxidative stress markerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, proteins, oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic (CAT, APX, SOD, and POD) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidants in plants”
e1“of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Outcome
- enzymatic (CAT, APX, SOD, and POD) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, proteins, oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic (CAT, APX, SOD, and POD) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid and glutathione) antioxidants in plants”
e1“of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation alleviated oxidative stress markers in chromium-stressed chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense EMCC1454 applicatione0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative stress markerse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 application alleviated oxidative stress markers and significantly boosted the growth traits, gas exchange characteristics, nutrient acquisition, osmolyte formation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in chromium-stressed plants”
e1“of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation boosted growth traits, gas exchange and nutrient acquisition in chromium-stressed chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense EMCC1454 applicatione0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth traits, gas exchange characteristics, nutrient acquisitione0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 application alleviated oxidative stress markers and significantly boosted the growth traits, gas exchange characteristics, nutrient acquisition, osmolyte formation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in chromium-stressed plants”
e1“of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation boosted osmolytes and antioxidants in chromium-stressed chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense EMCC1454 applicatione0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- osmolyte formation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense EMCC1454 application alleviated oxidative stress markers and significantly boosted the growth traits, gas exchange characteristics, nutrient acquisition, osmolyte formation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in chromium-stressed plants”
e1“of chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation upregulated stress tolerance genes in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense EMCC1454Azospirillum brasilensee2symbiont
- Gene
- CAT, SOD, APX, CHS, DREB2A, CHI, and PALe0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this bacterial inoculation upregulated the expression of genes related to stress tolerance (CAT, SOD, APX, CHS, DREB2A, CHI, and PAL)”
e1“of chickpea plants”
e2“A. brasilense EMCC1454 application”
The same questions in other papers
heavy metal · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
heavy metal · physiology: photosynthesis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.