Abstract
Background Food crop micronutrient concentrations can be enhanced through agronomic biofortification, with the potential to reduce micronutrient deficiencies among rural population if they have access to fertilizers. Here we reported the impact of agronomic biofortification on finger millet grain zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration. Methods A field experiment was conducted in farmers’ fields in Ethiopia in two locations; over two seasons in one district (2019 and 2020), and over a single season (2019) in a second district. The experimental design had 15 treatment combinations comprising 3 finger millet varieties and 5 soil-applied fertilizer treatments: (T1) 20 kg ha −1 FeSO 4 + 25 kg ha −1 ZnSO 4 + NPKS; (T2) 25 kg ha −1 ZnSO 4 + NPKS; (T3) NPKS; (T4) 30% NPKS; (T5) 20 kg ha −1 FeSO 4 + NPKS. The treatments were studied at two slope positions (foot and hill), replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Results Grain Zn concentration increased by 20% in response to Fe and Zn and by 18.9% due to Zn addition. Similarly, grain Fe concentration increased by 21.4% in T1 and 17.8% in T5 (Fe). Zinc fertilizer application ( p < 0.001), finger millet variety ( p < 0.001), and an interaction of Fe and Zn had significant effect on grain Zn concentration. Iron fertilizer ( p < 0.001) and interactive effect of Fe fertilizer and finger millet variety ( p < 0.01) had significant effects on grain Fe concentration. Location but not slope position was a source of variation for both grain Zn and Fe concentrations. Conclusion Soil application of Zn and Fe could be a viable strategy to enhance grain Zn and Fe concentration to finger millet grain. If increased grain Zn and Fe is bioavailable, it could help to combat micronutrient deficiencies.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn addition raised grain Zn by 20%.
- Taxon
- finger millet
Eleusine coracanat0 - Treatment
- Fe and Zne0
- Outcome
- Grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“Grain Zn concentration increased by 20% in response to Fe and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn addition raised grain Zn by 18.9%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- Zn additione0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“grain Zn concentration increased by 20% in response to Fe and Zn and by 18.9% due to Zn addition.”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 raised grain Fe by 21.4%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“grain Fe concentration increased by 21.4% in T1”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 raised grain Fe by 17.8%.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- T5 (Fe)e0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“grain Fe concentration increased by 21.4% in T1 and 17.8% in T5 (Fe).”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer significantly affected grain Zn.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.001e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“Zinc fertilizer application ( p < 0.001), finger millet variety ( p < 0.001), and an interaction of Fe and Zn had significant effect on grain Zn concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Finger millet variety significantly affected grain Zn.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- finger millet varietye0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“Zinc fertilizer application ( p < 0.001), finger millet variety ( p < 0.001), and an interaction of Fe and Zn had significant effect on grain Zn concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn interaction significantly affected grain Zn.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- interaction of Fe and Zne0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“an interaction of Fe and Zn had significant effect on grain Zn concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron fertilizer significantly affected grain Fe.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- Iron fertilizere0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“Iron fertilizer ( p < 0.001) and interactive effect of Fe fertilizer and finger millet variety ( p < 0.01) had significant effects on grain Fe concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron fertilizer interacted with variety in its significant effect on grain Fe.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Treatment
- Fe fertilizer and finger millet varietye0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“interactive effect of Fe fertilizer and finger millet variety ( p < 0.01) had significant effects on grain Fe concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Location varied grain Zn and Fe concentrations.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Outcome
- grain Zn and Fe concentrationse0
- Setting
- Locatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“Location but not slope position was a source of variation for both grain Zn and Fe concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Slope position did not vary grain Zn or Fe concentrations.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanat0
- Outcome
- grain Zn and Fe concentrationse0
- Setting
- slope positione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“finger millet”
e0“Location but not slope position was a source of variation for both grain Zn and Fe concentrations.”
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