Abstract
The antifungal effects of Citrullus colocynthis extract (Hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water) were tested in vitro on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hans (FOL), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt. Of these, methanol and water extract at 10% showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth of FOL by 12.32 and 23.61 mm respectively. The antifungal compounds were identified through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The methanol extract was compatible with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride. The antagonistic fungi were mass-cultured under laboratory conditions using sorghum seeds. Both T. viride and C. colocynthis methanol extract was also tested alone and together against FOL under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The combination of T. viride and C. colocynthis showed the highest percentage of antifungal activity (82.92%) against FOL under in vitro conditions. This study revealed that induced systemic resistance (ISR) in enhancing the disease resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease. The combined treatment of T. viride and C. colocynthis significantly reduced the disease incidence and index by 21.92 and 27.02% in greenhouse conditions, respectively. Further, the induction of defense enzymes, such as peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase were studied. The accumulation of defense enzyme was greater in plants treated with a combination of T. viride and C. colocynthis compared to the control. Reduction of wilt disease in tomato plants due to the involvement of defense-related enzymes is presumed through this experiment.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Methanol extract at 10% inhibited FOL mycelial growth by 12.32 mm.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- methanole0
- Interactor
- FOLe0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of FOLe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 12.32e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“methanol and water extract at 10% showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth of FOL by 12.32 and 23.61 mm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract at 10% inhibited FOL mycelial growth by 23.61 mm.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water extract at 10%e0
- Interactor
- FOLe0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of FOLe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 23.61 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“methanol and water extract at 10% showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth of FOL by 12.32 and 23.61 mm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The methanol extract was compatible with T. viride.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- compatible with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma viridee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“The methanol extract was compatible with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined T. viride and C. colocynthis had 82.92% antifungal activity against FOL in vitro.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination of T. viride and C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- FOLe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antifungal activity (82.92%) against FOLe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 82.92%e0
- Setting
- in vitro conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“The combination of T. viride and C. colocynthis showed the highest percentage of antifungal activity (82.92%) against FOL under in vitro conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced disease incidence by 21.92% in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of T. viride and C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21.92e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“The combined treatment of T. viride and C. colocynthis significantly reduced the disease incidence and index by 21.92 and 27.02% in greenhouse conditions, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced disease index by 27.02% in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of T. viride and C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27.02%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“The combined treatment of T. viride and C. colocynthis significantly reduced the disease incidence and index by 21.92 and 27.02% in greenhouse conditions, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased accumulation of defense enzymes relative to control.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum (L.)Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination of T. viride and C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- accumulation of defense enzymee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“The accumulation of defense enzyme was greater in plants treated with a combination of T. viride and C. colocynthis compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors presume defense enzymes contribute to reduced wilt disease.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Reduction of wilt diseasee0
- Qualifier
- involvement of defense-related enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum lycopersicum (L.)”
e0“Reduction of wilt disease in tomato plants due to the involvement of defense-related enzymes is presumed through this experiment.”
The same questions in other papers
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145 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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- negative
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See all 160 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.