Abstract
Double direct seeding of cotton (with wheat or rapeseed) is a new method for cotton-growing regions in the Yangtze River Basin to adapt to the development of mechanization. It would help to reduce manual labor, optimize the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to be used, reduce the physical and chemical production costs, and improve the benefits of cotton fields. We selected five counties from the major cotton-producing areas of Hubei Province for three consecutive seasons, from winter 2020 to spring 2022. The experimental sites used no tillage with straw returning to the field, double direct seeding, late sowing at high density, and one-time fertilization to study the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the yield characteristics of cotton, wheat, and rape and calculate the economic benefits of the two cultivation modes under different nitrogen fertilizer input levels through parameters such as land-use efficiency, production efficiency, and profitability. In both cotton–wheat and cotton–rapeseed cropping systems, the number of bolls per plant in cotton was the lowest in the N165 (90 cotton + 75 wheat/rape kg ha−1) treatment. The cotton yield was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the wheat system and N412.5 (225 cotton + 187.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the rape system. The yield of wheat and rape increased with the increase in the levels of nitrogen fertilizer, with the N165 treatment showing the lowest values. With an increase in nitrogen fertilizer, the harvest index of wheat first maximized and then started decreasing. The harvest index in wheat was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) and N330 (180 cotton + 150 wheat/rape kg ha−1), whereas, in rape, it increased with nitrogen fertilizer application, with the highest value at N495 (270 cotton + 225 wheat/rape kg ha−1). Economically, the expenses and income of both cotton–wheat and cotton–rape systems increased as nitrogen fertilizer increased. The net profit and benefit ratio first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, with N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) scoring the maximum values for both of these parameters. The land-use efficiency and production efficiency increased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer, and the production efficiency of the N165 (90 cotton + 75 wheat/rape) treatment was significantly lower than that of the other four treatments. The profitability increased first and then decreased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer, with the N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape) treatment showing the highest profit. The production cycle of cotton–rape was slightly shorter than that of cotton–wheat, and the system productivity was also lower. The expenses and land-use and production efficiency of the rapeseed system were lower than those of wheat, while the gross income, net profit, and productivity of the cotton–rape system were higher than those of cotton–wheat. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the cotton–wheat double-cropping system under straw return can achieve the maximum net profit, production ratio, and yield at the low nitrogen level of N247.5, (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1). Due to the price advantage of rape, the net profit, production ratio, and income of the cotton–rape production system are higher than those of the cotton–wheat production system.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton boll number was lowest under N165.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0t0 - Treatment
- N165 (90 cotton + 75 wheat/rape kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- number of bolls per plante0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of bolls per plant in cotton was the lowest in the N165 (90 cotton + 75 wheat/rape kg ha−1) treatment”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield after wheat was highest under N247.5.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Treatment
- N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cotton yield was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the wheat system”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield after rape was highest under N412.5.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Treatment
- N412.5 (225 cotton + 187.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cotton yield was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the wheat system and N412.5 (225 cotton + 187.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) in the cotton after the rape system”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield rose with nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0t0 - Treatment
- increase in the levels of nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- N165 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of wheat and rape increased with the increase in the levels of nitrogen fertilizer, with the N165 treatment showing the lowest values”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rape yield rose with nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0t0 - Treatment
- increase in the levels of nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- N165 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The yield of wheat and rape increased with the increase in the levels of nitrogen fertilizer, with the N165 treatment showing the lowest values”
t0“rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat harvest index peaked at N247.5 and N330.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) and N330 (180 cotton + 150 wheat/rape kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The harvest index in wheat was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) and N330 (180 cotton + 150 wheat/rape kg ha−1)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rape harvest index increased with nitrogen, peaking at N495.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0t0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The harvest index in wheat was the highest at N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) and N330 (180 cotton + 150 wheat/rape kg ha−1), whereas, in rape, it increased with nitrogen fertilizer application, with the highest value at N495 (270 cotton + 225 wheat/rape kg ha−1)”
t0“rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Expenses and income in the cotton–wheat system rose as nitrogen rose.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Outcome
- expenses and incomee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expenses and income of both cotton–wheat and cotton–rape systems increased as nitrogen fertilizer increased”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Net profit and benefit ratio peaked at N247.5.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Outcome
- net profit and benefit ratioe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net profit and benefit ratio first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, with N247.5 (135 cotton + 112.5 wheat/rape kg ha−1) scoring the maximum values for both of these parameters”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Land-use and production efficiency rose with nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Outcome
- land-use efficiency and production efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The land-use efficiency and production efficiency increased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton–rape had a shorter production cycle than cotton–wheat.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Outcome
- production cyclee0
- Direction
- shortere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The production cycle of cotton–rape was slightly shorter than that of cotton–wheat”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton–rape had lower system productivity than cotton–wheat.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Outcome
- system productivitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and the system productivity was also lower”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapeseed system expenses and efficiencies were below wheat system levels.
Verbatim
e0“The expenses and land-use and production efficiency of the rapeseed system were lower than those of wheat”
t0“rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton–rape gross income, net profit and productivity exceeded cotton–wheat.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0t0
- Outcome
- gross income, net profit, and productivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gross income, net profit, and productivity of the cotton–rape system were higher than those of cotton–wheat”
t0“cotton”
The same questions in other papers
Brassica napus · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Gossypium hirsutum · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Triticum aestivum · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →Brassica napus · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fertilization · yield · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
336 papers in the same direction as this paper · 37 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
374 papers more in this group
See all 378 papers →fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
3,434 papers more in this group
See all 3,438 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.