Abstract
Post-anthesis heat shocks, which are expected to increase in frequency under climate change, may affect wheat grain development and lead to significant decreases in grain yield. Grain development occurs in three phases, the lag-phase, the filling-phase, and maturation. The growth of the three main compartments of the grain (outer layers (OLs), endosperm, embryo) is staggered, so that heat shocks affect time- and tissue-specific growth processes differentially depending on their timing. We hypothesized that heat shocks during the lag-phase may reduce final grain size, resulting from a reduction in endosperm cell number and/or a restricted OLs growth. Plants were heated for four consecutive days during the lag-phase or the filling-phase or both phases (lag- and filling-). Heat shocks consisted in four hours a day at 38°C and 21°C for the rest of the day. Controlled plants were maintained at 21/14°C (day/night). For each temperature treatment, kinetics of whole grain and compartment masses and dimensions were measured as well as the endosperm cell number. An early heat shock reduced endosperm cell proliferation. However, the growth patterns neither of endosperm nor of OLs were modified compared to controls, resulting in no differences in final grain size. Furthermore, compared to controls, a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced both the duration and rate of dry mass accumulation into grains, whereas two consecutive shocks reduced the duration but enhanced the rate of dry mass of accumulation, even when endosperm cell number was reduced. The mean endosperm cell size was shown to be larger after early heat shocks. All together, these results suggest a compensatory mechanism exists to regulate endosperm cell size and number. This process might be a new mechanistic target for molecular studies and would improve our understanding of post-anthesis wheat tolerance to heat-shocks.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Early heat shock reduced wheat endosperm cell proliferation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- An early heat shocke0
- Outcome
- endosperm cell proliferatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An early heat shock reduced endosperm cell proliferation.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosperm and outer layer growth patterns were unchanged after heat shock.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat shocke1
- Outcome
- growth patterns neither of endosperm nor of OLse0
- Direction
- were modifiede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the growth patterns neither of endosperm nor of OLs were modified compared to controls, resulting in no differences in final grain size.”
t0“wheat”
e1“An early heat shock reduced endosperm cell proliferation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat shock caused no difference in final grain size.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat shocke1
- Outcome
- final grain sizee0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the growth patterns neither of endosperm nor of OLs were modified compared to controls, resulting in no differences in final grain size.”
t0“wheat”
e1“An early heat shock reduced endosperm cell proliferation.”
Claim · model-written summary
a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced duration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- a single heat shock during the filling-phasee0
- Outcome
- duratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, compared to controls, a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced both the duration and rate of dry mass accumulation into grains, whereas two consecutive shocks reduced the duration but enhanced the rate of dry mass of accumulation, even when endosperm cell number was reduced.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced rate of dry mass accumulation into grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- a single heat shock during the filling-phasee0
- Outcome
- rate of dry mass accumulation into grainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, compared to controls, a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced both the duration and rate of dry mass accumulation into grains, whereas two consecutive shocks reduced the duration but enhanced the rate of dry mass of accumulation, even when endosperm cell number was reduced.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
two consecutive shocks reduced duration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two consecutive shockse0
- Outcome
- duratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, compared to controls, a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced both the duration and rate of dry mass accumulation into grains, whereas two consecutive shocks reduced the duration but enhanced the rate of dry mass of accumulation, even when endosperm cell number was reduced.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
two consecutive shocks enhanced rate of dry mass of accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two consecutive shockse0
- Outcome
- rate of dry mass of accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, compared to controls, a single heat shock during the filling-phase reduced both the duration and rate of dry mass accumulation into grains, whereas two consecutive shocks reduced the duration but enhanced the rate of dry mass of accumulation, even when endosperm cell number was reduced.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early heat shocks increased mean endosperm cell size.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- early heat shockse0
- Outcome
- mean endosperm cell sizee0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean endosperm cell size was shown to be larger after early heat shocks.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose compensation between endosperm cell size and number.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- endosperm cell size and numbere0
- Qualifier
- compensatory mechanisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All together, these results suggest a compensatory mechanism exists to regulate endosperm cell size and number.”
t0“wheat”
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