Abstract
The important vegetable crop, tomato, is challenged with numerous abiotic and biotic stressors, particularly the newly emerged fungicide-resistant strains of phytopathogenic fungi such as Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of early blight disease. The current study investigated the potential antifungal activity of four cinnamate derivatives including cinnamic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid against A. alternata. Our in vitro findings showed that all tested compounds exhibited dose-dependent fungistatic action against A. alternata when their concentrations were increased from 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, to 0.9 mM, respectively. The high concentration of ferulic acid (0.9 mM) completely inhibited the radial mycelial growth of A. alternata and it was comparable to the positive control (difenoconazole fungicide). Additionally, under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease without any phytotoxicity on treated tomato plants. Moreover, it significantly improved the growth traits (plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and shoot fresh weight), total chlorophyll, and yield components (number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, and fruit yield) of treated A. alternata-infected plants. Collectively, our findings suggest that cinnamate derivatives could be good candidates as eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of chemical fungicides against A. alternata.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, all four cinnamates showed dose-dependent fungistatic action against Alternaria alternata as concentrations rose from 0.1 to 0.9 mM.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- all tested compoundse1
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
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Alternaria alternatat0pathogen - Outcome
- fungistatic actione1
- Direction
- dose-dependente1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Our in vitro findings showed that all tested compounds exhibited dose-dependent fungistatic action against A. alternata when their concentrations were increased from 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, to 0.9 mM, respectively”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest ferulic acid concentration (0.9 mM) completely inhibited radial mycelial growth of A. alternata, comparable to the difenoconazole fungicide.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high concentration of ferulic acid (0.9 mM)e1
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- completely inhibitede1
- Comparator
- positive control (difenoconazole fungicide)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The high concentration of ferulic acid (0.9 mM) completely inhibited the radial mycelial growth of A. alternata and it was comparable to the positive control (difenoconazole fungicide)”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four cinnamates significantly reduced early blight severity on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of the four tested cinnamatese2
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatat0pathogen
- Outcome
- severity of early blight diseasee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of the four cinnamates caused no phytotoxicity on treated tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- foliar application of the four tested cinnamatese2
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease”
e3“without any phytotoxicity on treated tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of the four cinnamates significantly improved plant height, total leaf area and number of leaves per plant in A. alternata-infected tomato plants under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of the four tested cinnamatese2
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae5pathogen
- Outcome
- plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plante4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease”
e4“significantly improved the growth traits (plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and shoot fresh weight)”
e5“of treated A. alternata-infected plants”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of the four cinnamates significantly improved shoot fresh weight of A. alternata-infected tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of the four tested cinnamatese2
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae5pathogen
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease”
e4“significantly improved the growth traits (plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and shoot fresh weight)”
e5“of treated A. alternata-infected plants”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of the four cinnamates significantly improved total chlorophyll in A. alternata-infected tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of the four tested cinnamatese2
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae5pathogen
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease”
e6“significantly improved the growth traits (plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and shoot fresh weight), total chlorophyll”
e5“of treated A. alternata-infected plants”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of the four cinnamates significantly improved flower number, fruit number and fruit yield of A. alternata-infected tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of the four tested cinnamatese2
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae5pathogen
- Outcome
- number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, and fruit yielde7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of the four tested cinnamates significantly reduced the severity of early blight disease”
e7“improved the growth traits (plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and shoot fresh weight), total chlorophyll, and yield components (number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, and fruit yield)”
e5“of treated A. alternata-infected plants”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamate derivatives could be good eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides against A. alternata.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae7pathogen
- Outcome
- eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of chemical fungicidese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“cinnamate derivatives could be good candidates as eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of chemical fungicides against A. alternata”
t0“Tomato Resilience to Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease”
The same questions in other papers
application · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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