Abstract
Strategies to reduce the risk of drought damage are urgently needed as intensified climate change threatens agricultural production. One potential strategy was using nanomaterials (NMs) to enhance plant resistance by regulating various physiological and biochemical processes. In the present study, 10 mg kg−1 manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NMs had the optimal enhancement to elevate the levels of biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient elements, and polysaccharide in rice by 10.9–525.0%, respectively, under drought stress. The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants, which provided the possibility for rice to better cope with drought. Furthermore, as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%). This activation stimulated downstream abscisic acid, proline, malondialdehyde, and wax biosynthesis by 23.3%, 38.9%, 7.2%, and 26.2%, respectively. In addition, 10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMs significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2, AUX3, PIN1a, and PIN2, and increased IAA content significantly, resulting in an enlarged root angle and a deeper and denser root to help the plant withstand drought stresses. The nutritional quality of rice grains was also improved. Our study provides crucial insight for developing nano-enabled strategies to improve crop productivity and resilience to climate change.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese ferrite nanomaterials at 10 mg/kg raised biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient elements and polysaccharide in rice by 10.9–525.0% under drought.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- 10 mg kg−1 manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NMse1
- Outcome
- biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient elements, and polysaccharidee1
- Direction
- elevatee1
- Value
- 10.9–525.0%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“10 mg kg−1 manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NMs had the optimal enhancement to elevate the levels of biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient elements, and polysaccharide in rice by 10.9–525.0%, respectively, under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
MnFe2O4 nanomaterials were internalized by rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- MnFe2O4 NMse2
- Outcome
- internalizede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root introduction of MnFe2O4 nanomaterials significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 by 29.4% compared with drought control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the rootse3
- Gene
- CLE25e3
- Outcome
- drought-sensing gene CLE25e3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
- Value
- 29.4%e3
- Comparator
- drought control and equivalent ion controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%)”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root introduction of MnFe2O4 nanomaterials significantly upregulated the receptor gene NCED3 by 59.9% compared with drought control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the rootse3
- Gene
- NCED3e3
- Outcome
- receptor gene NCED3e3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
- Value
- 59.9%e3
- Comparator
- drought control and equivalent ion controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%)”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Activation by MnFe2O4 nanomaterials stimulated abscisic acid by 23.3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the rootse3
- Outcome
- abscisic acide4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
- Value
- 23.3%e4
- Comparator
- drought control and equivalent ion controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%)”
e4“This activation stimulated downstream abscisic acid, proline, malondialdehyde, and wax biosynthesis by 23.3%, 38.9%, 7.2%, and 26.2%, respectively”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Activation by MnFe2O4 nanomaterials stimulated proline by 38.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the rootse3
- Outcome
- prolinee4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
- Value
- 38.9%e4
- Comparator
- drought control and equivalent ion controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%)”
e4“This activation stimulated downstream abscisic acid, proline, malondialdehyde, and wax biosynthesis by 23.3%, 38.9%, 7.2%, and 26.2%, respectively”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Activation by MnFe2O4 nanomaterials stimulated malondialdehyde by 7.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the rootse3
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
- Value
- 7.2%e4
- Comparator
- drought control and equivalent ion controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%)”
e4“This activation stimulated downstream abscisic acid, proline, malondialdehyde, and wax biosynthesis by 23.3%, 38.9%, 7.2%, and 26.2%, respectively”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Activation by MnFe2O4 nanomaterials stimulated wax biosynthesis by 26.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the rootse3
- Outcome
- wax biosynthesise4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
- Value
- 26.2%e4
- Comparator
- drought control and equivalent ion controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“as compared with drought control and equivalent ion control, the introduction of MnFe2O4 NMs into the roots significantly upregulated the drought-sensing gene CLE25 (29.4%) and the receptor gene NCED3 (59.9%)”
e4“This activation stimulated downstream abscisic acid, proline, malondialdehyde, and wax biosynthesis by 23.3%, 38.9%, 7.2%, and 26.2%, respectively”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MnFe2O4 nanomaterials at 10 mg/kg significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2 and AUX3.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMse5
- Gene
- OR1, AUX2, AUX3e5
- Outcome
- relative expressionse5
- Direction
- upregulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMs significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2, AUX3, PIN1a, and PIN2”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MnFe2O4 nanomaterials at 10 mg/kg significantly upregulated the relative expressions of PIN1a and PIN2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMse5
- Gene
- PIN1a, and PIN2e5
- Outcome
- relative expressionse5
- Direction
- upregulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMs significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2, AUX3, PIN1a, and PIN2”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MnFe2O4 nanomaterials at 10 mg/kg significantly increased IAA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMse5
- Outcome
- IAA contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“increased IAA content significantly, resulting in an enlarged root angle and a deeper and denser root”
e5“10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMs significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2, AUX3, PIN1a, and PIN2”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MnFe2O4 nanomaterials at 10 mg/kg enlarged the root angle in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Organ / stage
- roote6
- Treatment
- 10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMse5
- Outcome
- root anglee6
- Direction
- enlargede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“increased IAA content significantly, resulting in an enlarged root angle and a deeper and denser root”
e5“10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMs significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2, AUX3, PIN1a, and PIN2”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MnFe2O4 nanomaterials at 10 mg/kg made the rice root deeper and denser.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMse5
- Outcome
- roote6
- Direction
- deeper and densere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“increased IAA content significantly, resulting in an enlarged root angle and a deeper and denser root”
e5“10 mg·kg−1 MnFe2O4 NMs significantly upregulated the relative expressions of OR1, AUX2, AUX3, PIN1a, and PIN2”
e2“The MnFe2O4 NMs were internalized by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese ferrite nanomaterials improved the nutritional quality of rice grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NMse1
- Outcome
- nutritional quality of rice grainse7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The nutritional quality of rice grains was also improved”
e1“10 mg kg−1 manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NMs had the optimal enhancement to elevate the levels of biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient elements, and polysaccharide in rice by 10.9–525.0%, respectively, under drought stress”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.