Abstract
Soil and water loss due to traditional intensive types of agricultural management is widespread and unsustainable in Croatian croplands. In order to mitigate the accelerated land degradation, we studied different cropland soil management strategies to obtain feasible and sustainable agro-technical practices. A rainfall simulation experiment was conducted at 58 mm h–1 over 30 min on 10 paired plots (0.785 m2), bare and straw covered (2 t ha−1). The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation (Blagorodovac, Croatia) established on Stagnosols on slopes. Measurements were conducted during April (bare soil, after seeding), May (five-leaves stage), and June (intensive vegetative growth) making 60 rainfall simulations in total. Straw reduced soil and water losses significantly. The highest water, sediment loss, and sediment concentrations were identified in tillage plots during May. Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding (for 7%, 63%, and 50% during April, May and June, respectively) and runoff generation (for 37%, 32%, and 18% during April, May and June, respectively). Compared with the straw-mulched plot, tillage and bare soil increased water loss by 349%. Maize development reduced the difference between bare and straw-mulched plots. During May and June, bare plots increase water loss by 92% and 95%, respectively. The straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment from 9, 6, and 5 magnitude orders in April, May, and June, respectively. Overall, the straw mulch was revealed to be a highly efficient nature-based solution for soil conservation and maize cultivation protection.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Straw significantly reduced soil loss.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw reduced soil and water losses significantly”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw significantly reduced water loss.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw reduced soil and water losses significantly”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage plots had highest water loss in May.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water, sediment loss, and sediment concentrations were identified in tillage plots during May”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage plots had highest sediment loss in May.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water, sediment loss, and sediment concentrations were identified in tillage plots during May”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage plots had highest sediment concentration in May.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water, sediment loss, and sediment concentrations were identified in tillage plots during May”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw delayed ponding by 7% in April.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding (for 7%, 63%, and 50% during April, May and June, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw delayed ponding by 63% in May.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding (for 7%, 63%, and 50% during April, May and June, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw delayed ponding by 50% in June.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding (for 7%, 63%, and 50% during April, May and June, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw delayed runoff generation by 37% in April.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“runoff generation (for 37%, 32%, and 18% during April, May and June, respectively)”
e1“Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw delayed runoff generation by 32% in May.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“runoff generation (for 37%, 32%, and 18% during April, May and June, respectively)”
e1“Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw delayed runoff generation by 18% in June.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“runoff generation (for 37%, 32%, and 18% during April, May and June, respectively)”
e1“Straw addition resulted in delayed ponding”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage and bare soil increased water loss by 349% relative to straw mulch.
- Treatment
- tillage and bare soile0
- Outcome
- water losse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 349%e0
- Comparator
- straw-mulched plote0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the straw-mulched plot, tillage and bare soil increased water loss by 349%”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize development reduced the difference between bare and straw plots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize development reduced the difference between bare and straw-mulched plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bare plots increased water loss by 92% in May.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During May and June, bare plots increase water loss by 92% and 95%, respectively”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Bare plots increased water loss by 95% in June.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During May and June, bare plots increase water loss by 92% and 95%, respectively”
e1“The experiment was carried out in maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment by nine magnitude orders in April.
- Treatment
- straw mulche0
- Outcome
- raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9e0
- Qualifier
- Aprile0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment from 9, 6, and 5 magnitude orders in April, May, and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment by six magnitude orders in May.
- Treatment
- straw mulche0
- Outcome
- raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6e0
- Qualifier
- Maye0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment from 9, 6, and 5 magnitude orders in April, May, and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment by five magnitude orders in June.
- Treatment
- straw mulche0
- Outcome
- raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5e0
- Qualifier
- Junee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The straw mulch reduced raindrop kinetic energy and sediment detachment from 9, 6, and 5 magnitude orders in April, May, and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend straw mulch for soil conservation and maize protection.
- Outcome
- straw mulch was revealed to be a highly efficient nature-based solution for soil conservation and maize cultivation protectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the straw mulch was revealed to be a highly efficient nature-based solution for soil conservation and maize cultivation protection”
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