Abstract
Salinity is one of the outstanding abiotic stress conditions that a significant part of the world faces. In recent years, beneficial microorganisms started to be utilized in plants to overcome several abiotic factors, including salinity. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated using saline doses of 0 mM (Control), 150 mM, and 300 mM. Results showed that AMF enhanced all growth parameters, but only the leaf number was statistically significant. However, antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 25%, catalase (CAT) by 25%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 5%, significantly enhanced. At the same time, the accumulation of oxidative enzymes, like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), was reduced, from 12.05 μmol g−1 fw (control) to 11.17 μmol g−1 fw (AMF) and from 14.29 μmol g−1 fw to 10.74 μmol g−1 fw, respectively. AMF also significantly alleviated the chlorophyll loss caused by increasing saline doses. Multivariate analyses revealed the co-occurrence of stress metabolism enzymes as well as the proximate effect of AMF inoculation on basil yield and enzymatic activity. As a result, AMF was considered an appropriate tool for increasing growth and reducing salt stress under both stress-free and saline conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced basil growth parameters overall, without statistical significance for all of them.
- Taxon
- basil
Ocimum basilicume3 - Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- growth parameterse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“AMF enhanced all growth parameters, but only the leaf number was statistically significant”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly increased basil leaf number.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf numbere1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“AMF enhanced all growth parameters, but only the leaf number was statistically significant”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in basil by 25%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 25%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 25%, catalase (CAT) by 25%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 5%, significantly enhanced”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly increased catalase (CAT) activity in basil by 25%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 25%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 25%, catalase (CAT) by 25%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 5%, significantly enhanced”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in basil by 5%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 5%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 25%, catalase (CAT) by 25%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 5%, significantly enhanced”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in basil, from 12.05 to 11.17 umol g-1 fw relative to control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe5
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e5
- Direction
- was reducede5
- Value
- from 12.05 μmol g−1 fw (control) to 11.17 μmol g−1 fw (AMF)e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the accumulation of oxidative enzymes, like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), was reduced, from 12.05 μmol g−1 fw (control) to 11.17 μmol g−1 fw (AMF) and from 14.29 μmol g−1 fw to 10.74 μmol g−1 fw, respectively”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in basil, from 14.29 to 10.74 umol g-1 fw.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe5
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e5
- Direction
- was reducede5
- Value
- from 14.29 μmol g−1 fw to 10.74 μmol g−1 fwe5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the accumulation of oxidative enzymes, like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), was reduced, from 12.05 μmol g−1 fw (control) to 11.17 μmol g−1 fw (AMF) and from 14.29 μmol g−1 fw to 10.74 μmol g−1 fw, respectively”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly alleviated the chlorophyll loss in basil caused by increasing saline doses.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMFe6
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll losse6
- Direction
- alleviatede6
- Qualifier
- caused by increasing saline dosese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“AMF also significantly alleviated the chlorophyll loss caused by increasing saline doses”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analysis showed co-occurrence of stress metabolism enzymes in basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Outcome
- co-occurrence of stress metabolism enzymese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Multivariate analyses revealed the co-occurrence of stress metabolism enzymes as well as the proximate effect of AMF inoculation on basil yield and enzymatic activity”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analysis associated AMF inoculation with basil yield and enzymatic activity, with a proximate effect of unstated direction.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione7
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e3symbiont
- Outcome
- basil yield and enzymatic activitye7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Multivariate analyses revealed the co-occurrence of stress metabolism enzymes as well as the proximate effect of AMF inoculation on basil yield and enzymatic activity”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF was considered an appropriate tool for increasing basil growth and reducing salt stress under both stress-free and saline conditions.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume3
- Outcome
- an appropriate tool for increasing growth and reducing salt stresse6
- Qualifier
- under both stress-free and saline conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“As a result, AMF was considered an appropriate tool for increasing growth and reducing salt stress under both stress-free and saline conditions”
e3“effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.