Abstract
Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR), but weeds and nematodes pose severe challenges. Conservation agriculture (CA)-based DSR may inhibit/influence weeds/nematodes, which can be further intensified by adopting better weed control. Hence, this experiment was undertaken. Five CA-based DSR practices involving zero tillage, residue retention, brown manuring, and superimposed with four weed control/herbicide options were compared with PTR in a split-plot design replicated three times. All DSRs encountered more weeds and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) than PTR. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) infested five among 14 weeds present in rice and was first time found in Dinebra retroflexa . A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue – ZT wheat + rice residue – ZT mungbean+wheat residue system reduced weeds significantly. It reduced RKN galls in Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli , and rice plants by 72, 58, and 56%, respectively. In soil too, RKN and other PPNs, namely, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus and Pratylenchus thornei were reduced by 39%, 32%, and 26%, respectively, which gave a 6.3–22.7% higher yield in this CA practice than other DSRs. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Na applied sequentially reduced weeds and PPNs, increased rice yield by 176.1%, and were at below detectable levels in soil, rice grains, and straw, and were safe for rotational crops. The above ZT-based triple cropping with residue supplemented with herbicides through better weed and nematode control would be an alternative to PTR in the North-wester Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and in similar agroecologies of the tropics/sub-tropics. This study would help farmers and policymakers to design integrated weed and nematode management modules using tillage, crop residue, and herbicides/pesticides for higher DSR yield and income.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded rice practices had more weeds and plant parasitic nematodes than puddled transplanted rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- DSRse1
- Interactor
- plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs)e1pest
- Second interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- weeds and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs)e1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- PTRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e1“All DSRs encountered more weeds and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) than PTR”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot nematodes infested five of 14 weeds present in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Root-knot nematodes (RKN)
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee2pest - Outcome
- Root-knot nematodes (RKN) infested five among 14 weedse2
- Value
- five among 14e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e2“Root-knot nematodes (RKN) infested five among 14 weeds present in rice and was first time found in Dinebra retroflexa”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot nematodes were found for the first time in Dinebra retroflexa.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Root-knot nematodes (RKN)Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- first time found in Dinebra retroflexae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e2“Root-knot nematodes (RKN) infested five among 14 weeds present in rice and was first time found in Dinebra retroflexa”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till DSR system with mungbean residue significantly reduced weeds in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- weedse4weed
- Outcome
- weedse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e4“reduced weeds significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till system reduced root-knot nematode galls in Echinochloa colona by 72%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- RKNe5pest
- Outcome
- RKN galls in Echinochloa colonae5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 72e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e5“It reduced RKN galls in Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, and rice plants by 72, 58, and 56%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till system reduced root-knot nematode galls in Echinochloa crusgalli by 58%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- RKNe5pest
- Outcome
- RKN gallse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 58e5
- Qualifier
- Echinochloa crusgallie5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e5“It reduced RKN galls in Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, and rice plants by 72, 58, and 56%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till system reduced root-knot nematode galls in rice plants by 56%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- RKNe5pest
- Outcome
- RKN gallse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 56%e5
- Qualifier
- rice plantse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e5“It reduced RKN galls in Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, and rice plants by 72, 58, and 56%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till system reduced root-knot nematodes in soil by 39%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- RKNe6pest
- Outcome
- RKNe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 39%e6
- Setting
- soile6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e6“In soil too, RKN and other PPNs, namely, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus and Pratylenchus thornei were reduced by 39%, 32%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till system reduced Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus in soil by 32%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatusBitylenchus brevilineatuse6pest
- Outcome
- Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatuse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 32%e6
- Setting
- soile6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e6“In soil too, RKN and other PPNs, namely, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus and Pratylenchus thornei were reduced by 39%, 32%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA-based zero-till system reduced Pratylenchus thornei in soil by 26%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA-based zero tille3
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus thorneiPratylenchus thorneie6pest
- Outcome
- Pratylenchus thorneie6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 26%e6
- Setting
- soile6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e3“A CA-based zero till (ZT)DSR+ mungbean residue”
e6“In soil too, RKN and other PPNs, namely, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus and Pratylenchus thornei were reduced by 39%, 32%, and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The CA practice gave a 6.3–22.7% higher rice yield than other direct-seeded rice practices.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CA practicee7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 6.3–22.7%e7
- Comparator
- other DSRse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e7“gave a 6.3–22.7% higher yield in this CA practice than other DSRs”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl and bispyribac-Na reduced weeds and plant parasitic nematodes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Nae1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Second interactor
- PPNse1pest
- Outcome
- weeds and PPNse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e1“Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Na applied sequentially reduced weeds and PPNs”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential herbicide application increased rice yield by 176.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Nae1
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 176.1%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e1“Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Na applied sequentially reduced weeds and PPNs”
e2“increased rice yield by 176.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl and bispyribac-Na residues were below detectable levels in soil, rice grains and straw.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Nae1
- Outcome
- below detectable levels in soil, rice grains, and strawe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e1“Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, and bispyribac-Na applied sequentially reduced weeds and PPNs”
e3“were at below detectable levels in soil, rice grains, and straw”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide regime was safe for rotational crops.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- safe for rotational cropse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e4“were safe for rotational crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till triple cropping with residue and herbicides would be an alternative to puddled transplanted rice in the North-western Indo-Gangetic Plains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- an alternative to PTRe5
- Setting
- North-wester Indo-Gangetic Plainse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can be a resource-efficient alternative to puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
e5“would be an alternative to PTR in the North-wester Indo-Gangetic Plains”
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