Abstract
Tomatoes are often grown in proximity to other crops such as grain, which can increase their susceptibility to herbicide drift and subsequent crop. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of simulated herbicide drift on tomato plants. Treatments were established in a 10 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme using a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor consisted of ten herbicides, while the second was composed by three subdoses (1/4, 1/16, and 1/32) along with an additional treatment without herbicide application. The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose. Increasing the subdose resulted in a corresponding increase in injury level and a reduction in biomass. Tomato exposed to hexazinone, diuron, nicosulfuron, and diquat at a subdose of 1/64 exhibited low injury levels and biomass reductions. However, at other subdoses, these herbicides caused significant plant damage. Among the herbicides tested, the auxinic herbicides, particularly dicamba, presented a higher risk for the tomato crop. The documentation and description of the visual symptoms caused by each herbicide applied to tomatoes will aid producers to identify drift problems in the field.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
At the lowest subdose, 2,4-D caused more than 20% injury or more than 30% biomass reduction.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30%e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- at the lowest subdosee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba caused more than 20% injury or more than 30% biomass reduction at the lowest subdose.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30%e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate caused more than 20% injury or more than 30% biomass reduction at the lowest subdose.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30%e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Saflufenacil caused more than 20% injury or more than 30% biomass reduction at the lowest subdose.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- saflufenacile0
- Outcome
- injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30%e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxyfluorfen caused more than 20% injury or more than 30% biomass reduction at the lowest subdose.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- oxyfluorfene0
- Outcome
- injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30%e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoxaflutole caused more than 20% injury or more than 30% biomass reduction at the lowest subdose.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- isoxaflutolee0
- Outcome
- injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30%e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaflutole caused injury levels greater than 20% or reductions in plant biomass greater than 30% at the lowest subdose”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing herbicide subdose increased injury.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- subdosee0
- Outcome
- injury levele0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the subdose resulted in a corresponding increase in injury level”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing herbicide subdose reduced biomass.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- subdosee0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the subdose resulted in a corresponding increase in injury level and a reduction in biomass”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1/64 dose, hexazinone caused low injury and biomass reduction.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- hexazinonee0
- Outcome
- low injury levels and biomass reductionse0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- at a subdose of 1/64e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato exposed to hexazinone, diuron, nicosulfuron, and diquat at a subdose of 1/64 exhibited low injury levels and biomass reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1/64 dose, diuron caused low injury and biomass reduction.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- diurone0
- Outcome
- low injury levels and biomass reductionse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato exposed to hexazinone, diuron, nicosulfuron, and diquat at a subdose of 1/64 exhibited low injury levels and biomass reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1/64 dose, nicosulfuron caused low injury and biomass reduction.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nicosulfurone0
- Outcome
- low injury levels and biomass reductionse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato exposed to hexazinone, diuron, nicosulfuron, and diquat at a subdose of 1/64 exhibited low injury levels and biomass reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1/64 dose, diquat caused low injury and biomass reduction.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- diquate0
- Outcome
- low injury levels and biomass reductionse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato exposed to hexazinone, diuron, nicosulfuron, and diquat at a subdose of 1/64 exhibited low injury levels and biomass reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
At other subdoses, these four herbicides caused significant plant damage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- these herbicidese0
- Outcome
- plant damagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at other subdoses, these herbicides caused significant plant damage”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxinic herbicides, especially dicamba, posed higher risk to tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- auxinic herbicidese0
- Outcome
- riske0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the auxinic herbicides, particularly dicamba, presented a higher risk for the tomato crop”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
dicamba · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
glyphosate · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
herbicide · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.