Abstract
Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter was grown under field conditions. The effect of partial defoliation (33%) in the lower half of the canopy at berry set stage, and thereafter at pea-size and veraison, respectively, on root development, distribution, and composition as well as on canopy efficiency, yield, grape composition, and wine quality was investigated. Defoliation evidently stimulated occurrence of fine and extension roots, which may have increased the absorptive capacity of the root system. Root number decreased with increasing depth and roots occurred predominantly in the top 800 mm of the soil profile. Starch was the principal carbohydrate storage form in the roots, irrespective of root size. Starch synthesis appeared not affected by root age. Sucrose and organic acid patterns were similar. Citric and tartaric acids were the main organic acids in roots, followed by malic acid. Elevated sugar and organic acid levels were found in roots of treated vines. The results demonstrate that the remaining leaves of partially defoliated vines were able to sustain normal metabolic functions in the roots. Canopy density was efficiently reduced by partial defoliation, leading to increased light penetration, fruit exposure, and photosynthetic activity of mature and old leaves. Although partially defoliated vines had much less leaf area per gram fresh berry mass at ripeness, yield increased considerably with defoliation at pea-size and veraison. Root density, yield, and cane mass were related. Grape total soluble sugar content was unaffected, but titratable acidity increased and the pH of the must decreased with partial defoliation. Ostensible increases in wine constituents (anthocyanins, phenolics), color density, cultivar character intensity, and overall wine quality were found in wines from treated vines.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Partial defoliation stimulated fine and extension roots.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter
Vitis viniferat0 - Treatment
- Defoliatione0
- Outcome
- fine and extension rootse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defoliation evidently stimulated occurrence of fine and extension roots”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Root number decreased with soil depth.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- Root numbere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 800 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root number decreased with increasing depth and roots occurred predominantly in the top 800 mm of the soil profile”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots occurred mainly in the top 800 mm.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- roots occurred predominantlye0
- Value
- 800 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“roots occurred predominantly in the top 800 mm of the soil profile”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch was the principal root carbohydrate storage form regardless of root size.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Starch was the principal carbohydrate storage forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starch was the principal carbohydrate storage form in the roots, irrespective of root size”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch synthesis appeared unaffected by root age.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- Starch synthesise0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starch synthesis appeared not affected by root age”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose and organic acid patterns were similar.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- Sucrose and organic acid patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose and organic acid patterns were similar”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric and tartaric acids were the main root organic acids, followed by malic acid.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- Citric and tartaric acids were the main organic acids in roots, followed by malic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citric and tartaric acids were the main organic acids in roots, followed by malic acid”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated vines had elevated root sugar and organic acid levels.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- treated vinese0
- Outcome
- sugar and organic acid levelse0
- Direction
- Elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated sugar and organic acid levels were found in roots of treated vines”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Remaining leaves sustained normal root metabolic function after defoliation.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- remaining leavese0
- Outcome
- normal metabolic functions in the rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remaining leaves of partially defoliated vines were able to sustain normal metabolic functions in the roots”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial defoliation reduced canopy density.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- partial defoliatione0
- Outcome
- Canopy densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canopy density was efficiently reduced by partial defoliation”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial defoliation increased light penetration, fruit exposure and photosynthetic activity.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- partial defoliatione0
- Outcome
- light penetration, fruit exposure, and photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“partial defoliation, leading to increased light penetration, fruit exposure, and photosynthetic activity of mature and old leaves”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliated vines had much less leaf area per gram fresh berry mass at ripeness.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- partially defoliatede0
- Outcome
- leaf area per gram fresh berry masse0
- Direction
- much lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“partially defoliated vines had much less leaf area per gram fresh berry mass at ripeness”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation at pea size and veraison considerably increased yield.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- defoliation at pea-size and veraisone0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield increased considerably with defoliation at pea-size and veraison”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Root density, yield and cane mass were related.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- Roote0
- Outcome
- Root density, yield, and cane masse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root density, yield, and cane mass were related”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation did not affect grape total soluble sugar content.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Defoliatione1
- Outcome
- Grape total soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape total soluble sugar content was unaffected”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
e1“Defoliation evidently stimulated occurrence of fine and extension roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial defoliation increased grape titratable acidity.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- partial defoliatione0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“titratable acidity increased and the pH of the must decreased with partial defoliation”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial defoliation decreased must pH.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- partial defoliatione0
- Outcome
- pH of the muste0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pH of the must decreased with partial defoliation”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
Claim · model-written summary
Wines from treated vines showed apparent increases in constituents, color, cultivar character and overall quality.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 RichterVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- treated vinese0
- Outcome
- wine constituents (anthocyanins, phenolics), color density, cultivar character intensity, and overall wine qualitye0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ostensible increases in wine constituents (anthocyanins, phenolics), color density, cultivar character intensity, and overall wine quality were found in wines from treated vines”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.