Paper · 2023 · Phyton

Improving Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through Nitrogen Application under Semiarid Conditions

Muhammad Rafiq

10
claims
20
verbatim quotes
26
citations
2
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Nitrogen (N), the building block of plant proteins and enzymes, is an essential macronutrient for plant functions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of different N application rates (28, 57, 85, 114, 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1) on the performance of spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016) during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons. A control without N application was kept for comparison. Two years mean data showed optimum seed yield (5,461.3 kg ha−1) for N-application at 142 kg ha−1 whereas application of lower and higher rates of N did not result in significant and economically higher seed yield. A higher seed yield was obtained in the 2017–2018 (5,595 kg ha−1) than in the 2018–2019 (5,328 kg ha−1) growing seasons under an N application of 142 kg ha−1. It was attributed to the greater number of growing degree days in the first (1,942.35°C days) than in the second year (1,813.75°C). Higher rates of N (171 and 200 kg ha−1) than 142 kg ha−1 produced more number of tillers (i.e., 948,300 and 666,650 ha−1, respectively). However, this increase did not contribute in achieving higher yields. Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1 resulted in 14.15%, 15.0% and 15.35% grain protein concentrations in comparison to 13.15% with the application of 114 kg ha−1. It is concluded that the application of N at 142 kg ha−1 could be beneficial for attaining higher grain yields and protein concentrations of wheat cultivar Ujala-2016.

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Claims 10

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

N application at 142 kg ha−1 gave the optimum wheat seed yield (5,461.3 kg ha−1) over lower and higher N rates.

Material
Ujala-2016e2
Treatment
N-application at 142 kg ha−1e1
Outcome
seed yielde1
Direction
optimume1
Value
5,461.3 kg ha−1e1
Comparator
lower and higher rates of Ne1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1

“Two years mean data showed optimum seed yield (5,461.3 kg ha−1) for N-application at 142 kg ha−1 whereas application of lower and higher rates of N did not result in significant and economically higher seed yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 413–625 · show in text ↑
e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Lower and higher N rates did not give a significantly and economically higher wheat seed yield than 142 kg ha−1.

Material
Ujala-2016e2
Treatment
lower and higher rates of Ne1
Outcome
seed yielde1
Direction
did not result in significant and economically highere1
Comparator
N-application at 142 kg ha−1e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1

“Two years mean data showed optimum seed yield (5,461.3 kg ha−1) for N-application at 142 kg ha−1 whereas application of lower and higher rates of N did not result in significant and economically higher seed yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 413–625 · show in text ↑
e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Wheat seed yield was higher in the 2017–2018 season (5,595 kg ha−1) than in the 2018–2019 season under 142 kg ha−1 N.

Treatment
N application of 142 kg ha−1e3
Outcome
seed yielde3
Direction
highere3
Value
5,595 kg ha−1e3
Qualifier
5,328 kg ha−1e3
Comparator
2018–2019e3
Setting
2017–2018e3

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e3

“A higher seed yield was obtained in the 2017–2018 (5,595 kg ha−1) than in the 2018–2019 (5,328 kg ha−1) growing seasons under an N application of 142 kg ha−1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 627–784 · show in text ↑
Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The higher seed yield in 2017–2018 is attributed to a greater number of growing degree days.

Outcome
seed yielde3
Qualifier
greater number of growing degree dayse4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e3

“A higher seed yield was obtained in the 2017–2018 (5,595 kg ha−1) than in the 2018–2019 (5,328 kg ha−1) growing seasons under an N application of 142 kg ha−1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 627–784 · show in text ↑
e4

“It was attributed to the greater number of growing degree days in the first (1,942.35°C days) than in the second year (1,813.75°C)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 786–916 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher N rates (171 and 200 kg ha−1) produced more tillers than 142 kg ha−1; the 171 kg ha−1 rate gave 948,300 tillers per ha.

Treatment
Higher rates of N (171 and 200 kg ha−1)e5
Outcome
number of tillerse5
Direction
moree5
Value
948,300e5
Comparator
142 kg ha−1e5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e5

“Higher rates of N (171 and 200 kg ha−1) than 142 kg ha−1 produced more number of tillers (i.e., 948,300 and 666,650 ha−1, respectively)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 918–1053 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher N rates (171 and 200 kg ha−1) produced more tillers than 142 kg ha−1; the 200 kg ha−1 rate gave 666,650 tillers per ha.

Treatment
Higher rates of N (171 and 200 kg ha−1)e5
Outcome
number of tillerse5
Direction
moree5
Value
666,650e5
Comparator
142 kg ha−1e5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e5

“Higher rates of N (171 and 200 kg ha−1) than 142 kg ha−1 produced more number of tillers (i.e., 948,300 and 666,650 ha−1, respectively)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 918–1053 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The 142 kg ha−1 N rate gave 14.15% grain protein concentration, higher than 13.15% at 114 kg ha−1.

Treatment
Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1e6
Outcome
grain protein concentrationse6
Direction
higherinferrede6
Value
14.15%e6
Qualifier
13.15%e6
Comparator
114 kg ha−1e6

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e6

“Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1 resulted in 14.15%, 15.0% and 15.35% grain protein concentrations in comparison to 13.15% with the application of 114 kg ha−1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1125–1291 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The 171 kg ha−1 N rate gave 15.0% grain protein concentration, higher than 13.15% at 114 kg ha−1.

Treatment
Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1e6
Outcome
grain protein concentrationse6
Direction
higherinferrede6
Value
15.0%e6
Qualifier
13.15%e6
Comparator
114 kg ha−1e6

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e6

“Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1 resulted in 14.15%, 15.0% and 15.35% grain protein concentrations in comparison to 13.15% with the application of 114 kg ha−1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1125–1291 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The 200 kg ha−1 N rate gave 15.35% grain protein concentration, higher than 13.15% at 114 kg ha−1.

Treatment
Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1e6
Outcome
grain protein concentrationse6
Direction
higherinferrede6
Value
15.35%e6
Qualifier
13.15%e6
Comparator
114 kg ha−1e6

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e2

“spring wheat (cv. Ujala-2016)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 274–303 · show in text ↑
e6

“Application of 142, 171, and 200 kg ha−1 resulted in 14.15%, 15.0% and 15.35% grain protein concentrations in comparison to 13.15% with the application of 114 kg ha−1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1125–1291 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Applying 142 kg ha−1 of N could be beneficial for higher wheat grain yield and protein concentration in cultivar Ujala-2016.

Material
Ujala-2016e7
Treatment
the application of N at 142 kg ha−1e7
Outcome
attaining higher grain yields and protein concentrationse7

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e7

“It is concluded that the application of N at 142 kg ha−1 could be beneficial for attaining higher grain yields and protein concentrations of wheat cultivar Ujala-2016”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1293–1459 · show in text ↑

nitrogen · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

2,061 papers: 1,737 positive, 324 negative or no effect

1,736 papers in the same direction as this paper · 285 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. no effect
  3. negative

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