Abstract
The nematicidal potential of five filamentous fungi as biological control agents (BCAs) against the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica, infecting tomato was assessed in vitro and in pot experiments. The five promising native taxa, namely Trichoderma longibrachiatum, T. harzainum, T. asperellum, Lecanicillium spp., and Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, were selected to compare their effectiveness against both chemical (Mocap, 10% ethoprophos) and biological (abamectin) nematicides on M. javanica reproduction indices and plant growth parameters. The stimulation of defense mechanisms was assessed by monitoring changes in the enzymatic activities of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (MDA), phenols, and proteins content of tomato roots. The laboratory assays revealed that T. longibrachiatum, M. chlamydoporia, and Lecanicillium spp. seemed to be the most effective under laboratory conditions, with more than 60% of juvenile mortality. The egg infection rate was above 62%, and the egg hatching rate was below 32%. The direct parasitism by the five taxa was confirmed by scanning electron microscope observation. The results of this study found a similar parasitism mechanism for T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, and M. chlamydosporia, where their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layer and formed trapping rings around them. The pot experiment results showed that T. harzianum and Lecanicillium spp. enhanced the plant growth parameters. Trichoderma longibrachiatum, abamectin, and the ethoprophos-based nematicides effectively decreased the reproduction rates of the nematode. The Trichoderma species and M. chlamydosporia significantly reduced the gall index and female fecundity of RKN. The treatment with BCAs and chemical nematicides involved a significant increase in the antioxidant activities of nematode-infected plants. The ethoprophos and fungal treatments decreased the MDA and total phenols content compared with the nematode-infested seedlings. This paper analyzes the advancements made towards the effective and efficient biocontrol of M. javanica using different fungal taxa, especially T. longibrachiatum and M. chlamydosporia, and the implications of these advancements for sustainable agriculture and food security.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
T. longibrachiatum caused more than 60% juvenile mortality under laboratory conditions.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1
- Treatment
- T. longibrachiatume0
- Interactor
- T. longibrachiatumTrichoderma longibrachiatume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- juvenile mortalitye0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- more than 60%e0
- Setting
- laboratory conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The laboratory assays revealed that T. longibrachiatum, M. chlamydoporia, and Lecanicillium spp. seemed to be the most effective under laboratory conditions, with more than 60% of juvenile mortality.”
e1“root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica, infecting tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
M. chlamydoporia caused more than 60% juvenile mortality under laboratory conditions.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1
- Treatment
- M. chlamydoporiae0
- Interactor
- M. chlamydoporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- juvenile mortalitye0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- more than 60%e0
- Setting
- laboratory conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The laboratory assays revealed that T. longibrachiatum, M. chlamydoporia, and Lecanicillium spp. seemed to be the most effective under laboratory conditions, with more than 60% of juvenile mortality.”
e1“root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica, infecting tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lecanicillium spp. caused more than 60% juvenile mortality under laboratory conditions.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1
- Treatment
- Lecanicillium spp.e0
- Interactor
- Lecanicillium spp.
Lecanicilliume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- juvenile mortalitye0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- more than 60%e0
- Setting
- laboratory conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The laboratory assays revealed that T. longibrachiatum, M. chlamydoporia, and Lecanicillium spp. seemed to be the most effective under laboratory conditions, with more than 60% of juvenile mortality.”
e1“root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica, infecting tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The egg infection rate exceeded 62%.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Outcome
- egg infection ratee0
- Direction
- abovee0
- Value
- 62%e0
Verbatim
e0“The egg infection rate was above 62%, and the egg hatching rate was below 32%.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
The egg hatching rate was below 32%.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Outcome
- egg hatching ratee0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 32%e0
Verbatim
e0“The egg infection rate was above 62%, and the egg hatching rate was below 32%.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
Scanning electron microscopy confirmed direct parasitism by all five fungal taxa.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Outcome
- direct parasitisme0
- Qualifier
- by the five taxae0
Verbatim
e0“The direct parasitism by the five taxa was confirmed by scanning electron microscope observation.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
T. longibrachiatum adhered hyphae and spores to nematode cuticles and formed trapping rings.
- Taxon
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Interactor
- T. longibrachiatumTrichoderma longibrachiatume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- formed trapping ringse0
- Qualifier
- their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layere0
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study found a similar parasitism mechanism for T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, and M. chlamydosporia, where their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layer and formed trapping rings around them.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum adhered hyphae and spores to nematode cuticles and formed trapping rings.
- Taxon
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- formed trapping ringse0
- Qualifier
- their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study found a similar parasitism mechanism for T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, and M. chlamydosporia, where their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layer and formed trapping rings around them.”
Claim · model-written summary
M. chlamydosporia adhered hyphae and spores to nematode cuticles and formed trapping rings.
- Taxon
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Interactor
- M. chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- formed trapping ringse0
- Qualifier
- their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layere0
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study found a similar parasitism mechanism for T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, and M. chlamydosporia, where their hyphae and spores adhered to the M. javanica juveniles cuticle layer and formed trapping rings around them.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum enhanced tomato plant growth parameters in pots.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pot experiment results showed that T. harzianum and Lecanicillium spp. enhanced the plant growth parameters.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lecanicillium spp. enhanced tomato plant growth parameters in pots.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lecanicillium spp.e0
- Interactor
- Lecanicillium spp.Lecanicilliume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pot experiment results showed that T. harzianum and Lecanicillium spp. enhanced the plant growth parameters.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma longibrachiatum decreased nematode reproduction rates.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma longibrachiatume0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma longibrachiatumTrichoderma longibrachiatume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- reproduction rates of the nematodee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma longibrachiatum, abamectin, and the ethoprophos-based nematicides effectively decreased the reproduction rates of the nematode.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
Abamectin decreased nematode reproduction rates.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- abamectine0
- Outcome
- reproduction rates of the nematodee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma longibrachiatum, abamectin, and the ethoprophos-based nematicides effectively decreased the reproduction rates of the nematode.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethoprophos-based nematicides decreased nematode reproduction rates.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- ethoprophos-based nematicidese0
- Outcome
- reproduction rates of the nematodee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma longibrachiatum, abamectin, and the ethoprophos-based nematicides effectively decreased the reproduction rates of the nematode.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma species significantly reduced root-knot nematode gall index and female fecundity.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma speciese0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- gall index and female fecundity of RKNe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Trichoderma species and M. chlamydosporia significantly reduced the gall index and female fecundity of RKN.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
M. chlamydosporia significantly reduced root-knot nematode gall index and female fecundity.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- M. chlamydosporiae0
- Interactor
- M. chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- gall index and female fecundity of RKNe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Trichoderma species and M. chlamydosporia significantly reduced the gall index and female fecundity of RKN.”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica”
Claim · model-written summary
BCAs significantly increased antioxidant activities of infected tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BCAse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- nematode-infected plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment with BCAs and chemical nematicides involved a significant increase in the antioxidant activities of nematode-infected plants.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical nematicides significantly increased antioxidant activities of infected tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chemical nematicidese0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- nematode-infected plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment with BCAs and chemical nematicides involved a significant increase in the antioxidant activities of nematode-infected plants.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethoprophos decreased MDA and total phenols relative to nematode-infested seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ethoprophose0
- Outcome
- MDA and total phenols contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- nematode-infested seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethoprophos and fungal treatments decreased the MDA and total phenols content compared with the nematode-infested seedlings.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal treatments decreased MDA and total phenols relative to nematode-infested seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fungal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- MDA and total phenols contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- nematode-infested seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethoprophos and fungal treatments decreased the MDA and total phenols content compared with the nematode-infested seedlings.”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
61 papers more in this group
See all 65 papers →Trichoderma · pest · Meloidogyne javanica (root-knot nematode)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
insecticide · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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insecticide · pest · Meloidogyne javanica (root-knot nematode)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.