Abstract
Previous studies have determined that magnesium (Mg) in appropriate concentrations prevents plants from suffering from abiotic stress. To better understand the mechanism of Mg alleviation of aluminum (Al) stress in apple, we investigated the effect of Mg on plant growth, photosynthetic fluorescence, antioxidant system, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism of apple seedlings under Al toxicity (1.5 mmol/L) via a hydroponic experiment. Al stress induced the production of reactive oxygen in the leaves and roots and reduced the total dry weight (DW) by 52.37 % after 20 days of treatment relative to plants grown without Al, due to hindered photosynthesis and alterations in C and N metabolism. By contrast, total DW decreased by only 11.07 % in the Mg-treated plants under Al stress. Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mg in the Al treatment decreased Al accumulation in the apple plants and reduced Al-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and reducing the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA). Under Al stress, the Mg-treated plants showed a 46.17 % higher photosynthetic rate than the non-treated plants. Supplementation with Mg significantly increased the sucrose content by increasing sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activities. Moreover, Mg facilitated the transport of 13C-carbohydrates from the leaves to roots. Regarding N metabolism, the nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities in the roots and leaves of the Mg-treated plants were significantly higher than those of the non-treated plants under Al stress. Compared with the non-treated plants under Al stress, the Mg-treated plants exhibited a significantly high level of NO3- and soluble protein content in the leaves, roots, and stems, but a low level of free amino acids. Furthermore, Mg significantly improved nitrogen accumulation and enhanced the transport of 15N from the roots to leaves. Overall, our results revealed that Mg alleviates Al-induced growth inhibition by enhancing antioxidant capacity and C-N metabolism in apple seedlings.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Al stress induced reactive oxygen production in leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- apple seedlings
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Al stresse0
- Outcome
- production of reactive oxygen in the leaves and rootse0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- plants grown without Ale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Al stress induced the production of reactive oxygen in the leaves and roots and reduced the total dry weight (DW) by 52.37 % after 20 days of treatment relative to plants grown without Al, due to hindered photosynthesis and alterations in C and N metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al stress reduced total dry weight by 52.37% after 20 days compared with plants without Al.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Al stresse0
- Outcome
- total dry weight (DW)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 52.37 %e0
- Qualifier
- after 20 days of treatmente0
- Comparator
- plants grown without Ale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Al stress induced the production of reactive oxygen in the leaves and roots and reduced the total dry weight (DW) by 52.37 % after 20 days of treatment relative to plants grown without Al, due to hindered photosynthesis and alterations in C and N metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
With magnesium under aluminum stress, total dry weight decreased by only 11.07%.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mg-treatede0
- Outcome
- total DWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.07 %e0
- Qualifier
- under Al stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“By contrast, total DW decreased by only 11.07 % in the Mg-treated plants under Al stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium supplementation under aluminum stress decreased aluminum accumulation.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mge0
- Outcome
- Al accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mg in the Al treatment decreased Al accumulation in the apple plants and reduced Al-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and reducing the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium supplementation reduced aluminum-induced oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mge0
- Outcome
- Al-induced oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mg in the Al treatment decreased Al accumulation in the apple plants and reduced Al-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and reducing the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium supplementation enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mge0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mg in the Al treatment decreased Al accumulation in the apple plants and reduced Al-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and reducing the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium supplementation reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde production.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mge0
- Outcome
- production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Supplementation with 3.0 mmol/L Mg in the Al treatment decreased Al accumulation in the apple plants and reduced Al-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and reducing the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium-treated plants under aluminum stress had a 46.17% higher photosynthetic rate than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mg-treatede0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 46.17 %e0
- Qualifier
- Under Al stresse0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Under Al stress, the Mg-treated plants showed a 46.17 % higher photosynthetic rate than the non-treated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium significantly increased sucrose content.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Supplementation with Mge0
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Supplementation with Mg significantly increased the sucrose content by increasing sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium increased sucrose synthase and sucrose-phosphate synthase activities.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Supplementation with Mge0
- Outcome
- sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Supplementation with Mg significantly increased the sucrose content by increasing sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium facilitated carbohydrate transport from leaves to roots.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mge0
- Outcome
- transport of 13C-carbohydrates from the leaves to rootse0
- Direction
- facilitatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Moreover, Mg facilitated the transport of 13C-carbohydrates from the leaves to roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under aluminum stress, magnesium-treated plants had significantly higher root and leaf nitrate reductase, glutamine synthase and glutamate synthase activities.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Treatment
- Mg-treatede0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under Al stresse0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Regarding N metabolism, the nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities in the roots and leaves of the Mg-treated plants were significantly higher than those of the non-treated plants under Al stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under aluminum stress, magnesium-treated plants had significantly high nitrate and soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves, roots, and stemse0
- Treatment
- Mg-treatede0
- Outcome
- NO3- and soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- under Al stresse0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Compared with the non-treated plants under Al stress, the Mg-treated plants exhibited a significantly high level of NO3- and soluble protein content in the leaves, roots, and stems, but a low level of free amino acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under aluminum stress, magnesium-treated plants had low free amino acid levels.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mg-treatede0
- Outcome
- free amino acidse0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- under Al stresse0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Compared with the non-treated plants under Al stress, the Mg-treated plants exhibited a significantly high level of NO3- and soluble protein content in the leaves, roots, and stems, but a low level of free amino acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium significantly improved nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Furthermore, Mg significantly improved nitrogen accumulation and enhanced the transport of 15N from the roots to leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium enhanced nitrogen transport from roots to leaves.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mge0
- Outcome
- transport of 15N from the roots to leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple seedlings”
e0“Furthermore, Mg significantly improved nitrogen accumulation and enhanced the transport of 15N from the roots to leaves.”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
magnesium atom · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →magnesium atom · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
magnesium atom · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heavy metal · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.