Abstract
Phosphorous (P) fixation in saline soils is a concern worldwide. To investigate optimization strategies for P fertilizer application that improve P use efficiency (PUE) and crop yield in saline soil, in terms of P sources and rates, we conducted a two year field experiment in the coastal saline area of China to investigate the effects of P rates and sources, including superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on yield, aboveground P uptake, agronomy efficiency (AEP), and soil available P of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha−1 SSP,18 kg P ha−1 MAP, and 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, respectively. The application of SSP increased the wheat yield by 9–11% compared to MAP and APP. The aboveground P uptake of winter wheat under SSP was 14% and 13% higher than MAP and APP, respectively, under the optimal P application rate. The AEP under SSP was higher than the other two P sources under the same P rate. SSP increased the soil Ca2+ concentration by 20–42%, but decreased the Na+ concentration by 14–18% at the P rate of 26 kg P ha−1 in all soil layers, including 0–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm, compared to CK (0 kg P ha−1). The soil Olsen-P concentration under APP was higher than the other P sources. This study suggests that optimizing P sources and rates can improve wheat yield, PUE, and soil quality in the coastal saline soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield increased with phosphorus rate under three sources and reached source-specific plateaus.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- P ratese0
- Outcome
- Wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha−1 SSP,18 kg P ha−1 MAP, and 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield reached a plateau at 20 kg P ha−1 with SSP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg P ha−1 SSPe0
- Outcome
- Wheat yielde0
- Direction
- plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha−1 SSP,18 kg P ha−1 MAP, and 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield reached a plateau at 18 kg P ha−1 with MAP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 18 kg P ha−1 MAPe0
- Outcome
- Wheat yielde0
- Direction
- plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha−1 SSP,18 kg P ha−1 MAP, and 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The abstract reports another wheat yield plateau at 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, despite repeating MAP in its source list.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 17 kg P ha−1 MAPe0
- Outcome
- Wheat yielde0
- Direction
- plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha−1 SSP,18 kg P ha−1 MAP, and 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, respectively.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP raised wheat yield by 9–11% relative to MAP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSPe0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9–11%e0
- Comparator
- MAPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SSP increased the wheat yield by 9–11% compared to MAP and APP.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP raised wheat yield by 9–11% relative to APP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSPe0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9–11%e0
- Comparator
- APPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SSP increased the wheat yield by 9–11% compared to MAP and APP.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
With optimal application rates, SSP raised aboveground wheat phosphorus uptake by 14% relative to MAP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSPe0
- Outcome
- aboveground P uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- MAPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aboveground P uptake of winter wheat under SSP was 14% and 13% higher than MAP and APP, respectively, under the optimal P application rate.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
With optimal application rates, SSP raised aboveground wheat phosphorus uptake by 13% relative to APP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSPe0
- Outcome
- aboveground P uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- APPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aboveground P uptake of winter wheat under SSP was 14% and 13% higher than MAP and APP, respectively, under the optimal P application rate.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP had higher agronomic phosphorus efficiency than MAP at the same phosphorus rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SSPe0
- Outcome
- AEPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other two P sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AEP under SSP was higher than the other two P sources under the same P rate.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP increased soil calcium concentration by 20–42% relative to the zero-phosphorus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 26 kg P ha−1e0
- Outcome
- soil Ca2+ concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20–42%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSP increased the soil Ca2+ concentration by 20–42%, but decreased the Na+ concentration by 14–18% at the P rate of 26 kg P ha−1 in all soil layers, including 0–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm, compared to CK (0 kg P ha−1).”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSP decreased soil sodium concentration by 14–18% relative to the zero-phosphorus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 26 kg P ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Na+ concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14–18%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSP increased the soil Ca2+ concentration by 20–42%, but decreased the Na+ concentration by 14–18% at the P rate of 26 kg P ha−1 in all soil layers, including 0–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm, compared to CK (0 kg P ha−1).”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
APP produced higher soil Olsen-P concentration than the other phosphorus sources.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- APPe0
- Outcome
- soil Olsen-P concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other P sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil Olsen-P concentration under APP was higher than the other P sources.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that optimizing phosphorus sources and rates can improve wheat yield, phosphorus use efficiency and soil quality in coastal saline soil.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- optimizing P sources and rates can improve wheat yield, PUE, and soil qualitye0
- Setting
- coastal saline soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study suggests that optimizing P sources and rates can improve wheat yield, PUE, and soil quality in the coastal saline soil.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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