Abstract
Studying the mechanisms through which endophytic fungi confer protection to host plants against parasites will contribute toward elucidating the endophytic fungi−plant−pathogen relationship. In this study, we evaluated the effects of endophytic Beauveria bassiana on the antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and growth of tomatoes infected with the fusarium wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally. Four treatments (Control [T1], FOL only [T2], B. bassiana only [T3], and B. bassiana and FOL [T4]) were assessed. The plants from the B. bassiana and FOL treatment (T4) were significantly taller (DF = 3, 56; p < 0.001) and produced more leaves and aerial part biomass than those treated with only FOL (T2). Remarkably, plants in the two treatments with FOL (T2 and T4) had the lowest antioxidant activities; meanwhile, plants from the FOL treatment (T2) had the lowest ROS (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) contents. Broadly, strong positive correlations between ROS and all the plant growth parameters were recorded in this study. While the current results revealed that the endophytic entomopathogen B. bassiana enhanced antioxidant capacity in plants, it did not improve the antioxidant capacity of F. oxysporum-infected plants. It is possible that the pathogenic FOL employed a hiding strategy to evade the host immune response and the antagonistic actions of endophytic B. bassiana. In conclusion, B. bassiana inoculum enhanced the growth of tomatoes infected with FOL, induced higher oxidative stress in both F. oxysporum-infected and -uninfected tomatoes, and improved antioxidant activities in plants inoculated with B. bassiana only.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants treated with B. bassiana and FOL were significantly taller than those treated with only FOL.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- B. bassiana and FOLe1
- Interactor
- FOLe1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. bassiana
Beauveria bassianae1symbiont - Outcome
- tallere1
- Direction
- significantly tallere1
- Qualifier
- DF = 3, 56; p < 0.001e1
- Comparator
- only FOLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“The plants from the B. bassiana and FOL treatment (T4) were significantly taller (DF = 3, 56; p < 0.001) and produced more leaves and aerial part biomass than those treated with only FOL (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants treated with B. bassiana and FOL produced more leaves and aerial part biomass than those treated with only FOL.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana and FOLe1
- Interactor
- FOLe1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae1symbiont
- Outcome
- leaves and aerial part biomasse1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- only FOLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“The plants from the B. bassiana and FOL treatment (T4) were significantly taller (DF = 3, 56; p < 0.001) and produced more leaves and aerial part biomass than those treated with only FOL (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants with FOL in the two FOL treatments had the lowest antioxidant activities.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- FOLe1
- Interactor
- FOLe1pathogen
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“plants in the two treatments with FOL (T2 and T4) had the lowest antioxidant activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants from the FOL-only treatment had the lowest ROS (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) contents.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- FOL treatmente1
- Interactor
- FOLe1pathogen
- Outcome
- ROS (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) contentse1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“plants from the FOL treatment (T2) had the lowest ROS (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) contents”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS showed strong positive correlations with all plant growth parameters in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Compound
- ROSe1
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse1
- Direction
- positive correlationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“strong positive correlations between ROS and all the plant growth parameters were recorded in this study”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic B. bassiana enhanced antioxidant capacity in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- endophytic entomopathogen B. bassianae1
- Interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“the endophytic entomopathogen B. bassiana enhanced antioxidant capacity in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana did not improve the antioxidant capacity of F. oxysporum-infected tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. bassianae1
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume2pathogen - Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye2
- Direction
- did not improvee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“the endophytic entomopathogen B. bassiana enhanced antioxidant capacity in plants”
e2“it did not improve the antioxidant capacity of F. oxysporum-infected plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana inoculum enhanced the growth of tomatoes infected with FOL.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana inoculume1
- Interactor
- FOLe1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae1symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“B. bassiana inoculum enhanced the growth of tomatoes infected with FOL”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana inoculum induced higher oxidative stress in both F. oxysporum-infected and -uninfected tomatoes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana inoculume1
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume2pathogen
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“B. bassiana inoculum enhanced the growth of tomatoes infected with FOL”
e2“induced higher oxidative stress in both F. oxysporum-infected and -uninfected tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants inoculated with B. bassiana only had improved antioxidant activities.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana onlye1
- Interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally”
e1“improved antioxidant activities in plants inoculated with B. bassiana only”
The same questions in other papers
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.