Abstract
Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and imported cabbage worm (ICW), Pieris rapae, are destructive pests of crucifers worldwide. Although several insecticides are effective against ICW, pesticide management against DBM is challenged by insecticide resistant populations. The objective of this study was to explore the potential of integrating foliar sprays of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema feltiae with trap cropping using kai choi (Brassica juncea) planted as an intercrop for the management of DBM and ICW. Four 2 × 2 (trap crop × EPN) factorial designed field trials were conducted with 2 trials on head cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var capitata) and 2 on kale (Brassica oleraceae var acephala). In the first head cabbage trial, trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% and ICW abundance by 73%. Leaf damage by DBM and ICW were reduced by 45% and 33%, respectively. In the second head cabbage trial, DBM populations were reduced by 19% whereas ICW was reduced by 65%. No effects were observed on leaf damage. Trap cropping suppressed DBM abundance by 50% and DBM leaf damage by 19% in the first kale trial. No significant effects were observed on ICW. In the second kale trial, trap cropping reduced ICW leaf damage by 13%. In the first head cabbage trial, adding EPN foliar sprays further reduced DBM populations in plots with trap crops and ICW in plots without trap crops. In the second kale trial, EPNs suppressed DBM populations entirely. No effects from EPNs were observed in the second head cabbage trial or the first kale trial. It is concluded that trap cropping with kai choi did not improve the efficacy of EPN foliar sprays consistently. EPNs were most successful at suppressing DBM and ICW populations when the average pest pressure was below 0.5/plant whereas trap crops worked more effectively at insect populations above 0.5/plant. Although the use of trap cropping reduced pest abundance and leaf damage, the weight of head cabbage and kale was lower when planted 30 cm or closer to kai choi plants. This was resolved by leaving a distance of 60 cm between cash and trap crops. With further optimization, the use of trap cropping and EPN foliar sprays can be beneficial to an integrated pest management program to control DBM and ICW in cruciferous crops.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% in the first head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee1
- Treatment
- trap croppinge1
- Interactor
- DBMe1pest
- Outcome
- DBM abundancee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 46%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the first head cabbage trial, trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% and ICW abundance by 73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping reduced ICW abundance by 73% in the first head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee1
- Treatment
- trap croppinge1
- Interactor
- ICWe1pest
- Outcome
- ICW abundancee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 73%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the first head cabbage trial, trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% and ICW abundance by 73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping reduced DBM leaf damage by 45% in the first head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee1
- Treatment
- trap croppinge1
- Interactor
- DBMe2pest
- Outcome
- Leaf damage by DBMe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 45%e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the first head cabbage trial, trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% and ICW abundance by 73%”
e2“Leaf damage by DBM and ICW were reduced by 45% and 33%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping reduced ICW leaf damage by 33% in the first head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee1
- Treatment
- trap croppinge1
- Interactor
- ICWe2pest
- Outcome
- Leaf damage by DBM and ICWe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 33%e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the first head cabbage trial, trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% and ICW abundance by 73%”
e2“Leaf damage by DBM and ICW were reduced by 45% and 33%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
DBM populations were reduced by 19% in the second head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee3
- Treatment
- trap croppinge0
- Interactor
- DBMe3pest
- Outcome
- DBM populationse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 19%e3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“with trap cropping using kai choi (Brassica juncea) planted as an intercrop”
e3“In the second head cabbage trial, DBM populations were reduced by 19% whereas ICW was reduced by 65%”
Claim · model-written summary
ICW was reduced by 65% in the second head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee3
- Treatment
- trap croppinge0
- Interactor
- ICWe3pest
- Outcome
- ICWe3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 65%e3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“with trap cropping using kai choi (Brassica juncea) planted as an intercrop”
e3“In the second head cabbage trial, DBM populations were reduced by 19% whereas ICW was reduced by 65%”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping had no effect on leaf damage in the second head cabbage trial.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“with trap cropping using kai choi (Brassica juncea) planted as an intercrop”
e3“In the second head cabbage trial, DBM populations were reduced by 19% whereas ICW was reduced by 65%”
e4“No effects were observed on leaf damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping suppressed DBM abundance by 50% in the first kale trial.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise5 - Treatment
- Trap croppinge5
- Interactor
- DBMe5pest
- Outcome
- DBM abundancee5
- Direction
- suppressede5
- Value
- 50%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Trap cropping suppressed DBM abundance by 50% and DBM leaf damage by 19% in the first kale trial”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping suppressed DBM leaf damage by 19% in the first kale trial.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise5
- Treatment
- Trap croppinge5
- Interactor
- DBMe5pest
- Outcome
- DBM leaf damagee5
- Direction
- suppressede5
- Value
- 19%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Trap cropping suppressed DBM abundance by 50% and DBM leaf damage by 19% in the first kale trial”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping had no significant effect on ICW in the first kale trial.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise5
- Treatment
- Trap croppinge5
- Interactor
- ICWe6pest
- Outcome
- ICWe6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Trap cropping suppressed DBM abundance by 50% and DBM leaf damage by 19% in the first kale trial”
e6“No significant effects were observed on ICW”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping reduced ICW leaf damage by 13% in the second kale trial.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- trap croppinge7
- Interactor
- ICWe7pest
- Outcome
- ICW leaf damagee7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 13%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In the second kale trial, trap cropping reduced ICW leaf damage by 13%”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding EPN foliar sprays further reduced DBM populations in plots with trap crops in the first head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee7
- Treatment
- adding EPN foliar sprayse7
- Interactor
- DBMe7pest
- Second interactor
- EPNe7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- DBM populationse7
- Direction
- further reducede7
- Qualifier
- in plots with trap cropse7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“In the first head cabbage trial, adding EPN foliar sprays further reduced DBM populations in plots with trap crops and ICW in plots without trap crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding EPN foliar sprays further reduced ICW in plots without trap crops in the first head cabbage trial.
- Taxon
- head cabbagee7
- Treatment
- adding EPN foliar sprayse7
- Interactor
- ICWe7pest
- Second interactor
- EPNe7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- ICWe7
- Direction
- further reducede7
- Qualifier
- in plots without trap cropse7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“In the first head cabbage trial, adding EPN foliar sprays further reduced DBM populations in plots with trap crops and ICW in plots without trap crops”
Claim · model-written summary
EPNs suppressed DBM populations entirely in the second kale trial.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- EPNse7
- Interactor
- DBMe7pest
- Second interactor
- EPNse7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- DBM populationse7
- Direction
- suppressede7
- Qualifier
- entirelye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In the second kale trial, EPNs suppressed DBM populations entirely”
Claim · model-written summary
EPNs had no effects in the second head cabbage trial or the first kale trial.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e7“No effects from EPNs were observed in the second head cabbage trial or the first kale trial”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping with kai choi did not consistently improve the efficacy of EPN foliar sprays.
- Taxon
- kai choie7
- Treatment
- trap cropping with kai choie7
- Outcome
- efficacy of EPN foliar sprayse7
- Direction
- did not improvee7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“It is concluded that trap cropping with kai choi did not improve the efficacy of EPN foliar sprays consistently”
Claim · model-written summary
EPNs were most successful at suppressing DBM and ICW populations when average pest pressure was below 0.5/plant.
Verbatim
e0“Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and imported cabbage worm (ICW), Pieris rapae, are destructive pests of crucifers worldwide”
e7“EPNs were most successful at suppressing DBM and ICW populations when the average pest pressure was below 0.5/plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap crops worked more effectively at insect populations above 0.5/plant.
Verbatim
e0“Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and imported cabbage worm (ICW), Pieris rapae, are destructive pests of crucifers worldwide”
e7“trap crops worked more effectively at insect populations above 0.5/plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Trap cropping lowered the weight of head cabbage and kale when planted 30 cm or closer to kai choi.
- Taxon
- head cabbage and kalee7
- Treatment
- trap croppinge7
- Outcome
- weighte7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Qualifier
- when planted 30 cm or closer to kai choi plantse7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Although the use of trap cropping reduced pest abundance and leaf damage, the weight of head cabbage and kale was lower when planted 30 cm or closer to kai choi plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaving a 60 cm distance between cash and trap crops resolved the loss of weight.
- Taxon
- head cabbage and kalee7
- Treatment
- leaving a distance of 60 cm between cash and trap cropse7
- Outcome
- weighte7
- Direction
- resolvede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“the weight of head cabbage and kale was lower when planted 30 cm or closer to kai choi plants. This was resolved by leaving a distance of 60 cm between cash and trap crops”
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trap barrier · organism · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 6 papers →trap barrier · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.