Abstract
Developments in the field of nanotechnology over the past few years have increased the prevalence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the environment, resulting in increased exposure of plants to AgNPs. Recently, various studies have reported the effect of AgNPs on plant growth at different concentrations. However, identifying the mechanisms and signaling molecules involved in plant responses against AgNPs stress is crucial to find an effective way to deal with the phytotoxic impacts of AgNPs on plant growth and development. Therefore, this study was envisaged to investigate the participation of ethylene in mediating the activation of AgNPs stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through a switch that regulates endogenous nitric oxide (NO) accumulation. Treatment of AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings due to severe oxidative stress as a result of decline in sulfur assimilation, glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and alteration in the redox status of GSH. These results are also accompanied by the higher endogenous NO level. However, addition of ethephon (a donor of ethylene) reversed the AgNP-induced effects. Though the application of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) alone promoted the growth of rice seedlings but, interestingly their application in combination with AgNPs enhanced the AgNP-induced toxicity in the seedlings through the same routes as exhibited in the case of AgNPs alone treatment. Interestingly, addition of ethephon reversed the negative effects of SiNPs under AgNPs stress. These results suggest that ethylene might act as a switch to regulate the level of endogenous NO, which in turn could be associated with AgNPs stress tolerance in rice. Furthermore, the results also indicated that addition of l-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (an inhibitor of endogenous NO synthesis) also reversed the toxic effects of SiNPs together with AgNPs, further suggesting that the low level of endogenous NO was associated with AgNPs stress tolerance. Overall, the results indicate that the low level of endogenous NO triggers AgNPs stress tolerance, while high level leads to AgNPs toxicity by regulating sulfur assimilation, GSH biosynthesis, redox status of GSH and oxidative stress markers. The results revealed that ethylene might act as a switch for regulating AgNPs stress in rice seedlings by controlling endogenous NO accumulation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AgNPse1
- Outcome
- growth of rice seedlingse1
- Direction
- hamperede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment of AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AgNPs alone declined sulfur assimilation and glutathione biosynthesis in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AgNPse1
- Outcome
- sulfur assimilation, glutathione (GSH) biosynthesise2
- Direction
- declinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment of AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings”
e2“decline in sulfur assimilation, glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AgNPs alone altered the redox status of GSH in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AgNPse1
- Outcome
- redox status of GSHe3
- Direction
- alteratione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment of AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings”
e3“alteration in the redox status of GSH”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AgNPs treatment was accompanied by higher endogenous NO levels in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AgNPse1
- Outcome
- endogenous NO levele4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment of AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings”
e4“accompanied by the higher endogenous NO level”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reversed the AgNP-induced effects in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethephon (a donor of ethylene)e5
- Outcome
- AgNP-induced effectse5
- Direction
- reversede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“addition of ethephon (a donor of ethylene) reversed the AgNP-induced effects”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs alone promoted the growth of rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs)e6
- Outcome
- growth of rice seedlingse6
- Direction
- promotede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the application of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) alone promoted the growth of rice seedlings”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs combined with AgNPs enhanced AgNP-induced toxicity in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application in combination with AgNPse7
- Outcome
- AgNP-induced toxicitye7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“their application in combination with AgNPs enhanced the AgNP-induced toxicity”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reversed the negative effects of SiNPs under AgNPs stress in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- negative effects of SiNPs under AgNPs stresse0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of ethephon reversed the negative effects of SiNPs under AgNPs stress”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
l-NAME reversed the toxic effects of SiNPs together with AgNPs in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- l-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)e0
- Outcome
- toxic effects of SiNPs together with AgNPse0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of l-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (an inhibitor of endogenous NO synthesis) also reversed the toxic effects of SiNPs together with AgNPs”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Low endogenous NO was associated with AgNPs stress tolerance in rice seedlings
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- endogenous NOe0
- Outcome
- AgNPs stress tolerancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low level of endogenous NO was associated with AgNPs stress tolerance”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene may act as a switch regulating the level of endogenous NO in rice
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- level of endogenous NOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethylene might act as a switch to regulate the level of endogenous NO”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
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See all 11 papers →silver nanoparticle · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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arginine · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
methyl ester · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
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silicon nanoparticle · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.