Abstract
Mungbean ( Vigna radiata ) sprouts are consumed globally as a healthy food with high nutritional values, having antioxidant and anticancer capacity. Under mild salinity stress, plants accumulate more secondary metabolites to alleviate oxidative stress. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic changes in mungbean sprouts were identified using a reference cultivar, sunhwa, to understand the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolites in response to salinity stress. Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased. Through RNA sequencing, 728 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and 20 DEGs were detected in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Among them, 11 DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites that increased after NaCl treatment were significantly upregulated, including dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (log 2 FC 1.46), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (1.38), chalcone synthase (1.15), and chalcone isomerase (1.19). Transcription factor families, such as MYB , WRKY , and bHLH , were also identified as upregulated DEGs, which play a crucial role in stress responses in plants. Furthermore, this study showed that mild salinity stress can increase the contents of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in mungbean sprouts through transcriptional regulation of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways. Overall, these findings will provide valuable information for molecular breeders and scientists interested in improving the nutritional quality of sprout vegetables.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
catechin content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- catechine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorogenic acid content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
isovitexin content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- isovitexine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
p -coumaric acid content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- p -coumaric acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
syringic acid content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- syringic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
ferulic acid content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- ferulic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
vitexin content significantly increased under salinity conditions.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- salinity conditionse0
- Outcome
- vitexine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Under salinity conditions, the contents of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites, including catechin, chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, p -coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and vitexin, significantly increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA sequencing identified 728 differentially expressed genes.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 728e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Through RNA sequencing, 728 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty differentially expressed genes were detected in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- DEGse0
- Value
- 20e0
- Qualifier
- phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“20 DEGs were detected in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven genes encoding key secondary-metabolite biosynthesis enzymes were significantly upregulated after NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- DEGs encoding key enzymese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 11e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“11 DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites that increased after NaCl treatment were significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase was significantly upregulated after NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente2
- Gene
- dihydroflavonol 4-reductasee0
- Outcome
- dihydroflavonol 4-reductasee0
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- log 2 FC 1.46e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“including dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (log 2 FC 1.46), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (1.38), chalcone synthase (1.15), and chalcone isomerase (1.19)”
e1“were significantly upregulated”
e2“11 DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites that increased after NaCl treatment were significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase was significantly upregulated after NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente2
- Gene
- caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferasee0
- Outcome
- caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferasee0
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- 1.38e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“including dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (log 2 FC 1.46), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (1.38), chalcone synthase (1.15), and chalcone isomerase (1.19)”
e1“were significantly upregulated”
e2“11 DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites that increased after NaCl treatment were significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
chalcone synthase was significantly upregulated after NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente2
- Gene
- chalcone synthasee0
- Outcome
- chalcone synthasee0
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- 1.15e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“including dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (log 2 FC 1.46), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (1.38), chalcone synthase (1.15), and chalcone isomerase (1.19)”
e1“were significantly upregulated”
e2“11 DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites that increased after NaCl treatment were significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
chalcone isomerase was significantly upregulated after NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente2
- Gene
- chalcone isomerasee0
- Outcome
- chalcone isomerasee0
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- 1.19e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“including dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (log 2 FC 1.46), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (1.38), chalcone synthase (1.15), and chalcone isomerase (1.19)”
e1“were significantly upregulated”
e2“11 DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites that increased after NaCl treatment were significantly upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
MYB, WRKY and bHLH transcription factor families were identified as upregulated genes.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Gene
- MYB , WRKY , and bHLHe0
- Outcome
- upregulated DEGse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“Transcription factor families, such as MYB , WRKY , and bHLH , were also identified as upregulated DEGs”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute increased phenylpropanoids and flavonoids under mild salinity to transcriptional regulation of biosynthetic enzymes.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- mild salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of phenylpropanoids and flavonoidse0
- Qualifier
- transcriptional regulation of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts under salinity stress”
e0“mild salinity stress can increase the contents of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in mungbean sprouts through transcriptional regulation of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways”
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