Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause serious damage to agricultural production worldwide. Currently, because of a lack of effective and environmental-friendly chemical nematicides, the use of microbial nematicides has been proposed as an eco-friendly management strategy to control PPNs. A nematicidal bacterium GC-7 was originally isolated from the rice rhizosphere, and was identified as Pseudomonas rhodesiae. Treatment with the fermentation supernatant of GC-7 in vitro showed a highly lethal effect on second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne graminicola , with the mortality rate increasing to 95.82% at 24 h and egg hatching significantly inhibited, with a hatch inhibition rate of 60.65% at 96 h. The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments. Under greenhouse conditions, the GC-7 culture efficiently reduced the gall index and nematode population in rice roots and soils, as well as inhibited nematode development compared to the control. Under field conditions, application of the GC-7 consistently showed a high biocontrol efficacy against M. graminicola (with a control efficiency of 58.85%) and promoted plant growth. In addition, the inoculation of GC-7 in M. graminicola -infested rice plant fields significantly suppressed final nematode populations in soil under natural conditions. Furthermore, activities of plant defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were remarkably increased in plant roots treated with GC-7 compared with roots that were challenge to M. graminicola . Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that GC-7 significantly enhanced the expression of defense genes ( PR1a , WRKY45 , JaMYB , AOS2 , ERF1 , and ACS1 ) related to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways in rice roots after inoculation with GC-7 at different levels. The results indicated that GC-7 could be an effective biological component in the integrated management of M. graminicola infecting rice.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
GC-7 fermentation supernatant increased the mortality of second-stage juveniles of M. graminicola in vitro, to 95.82% at 24 h.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae4 - Treatment
- fermentation supernatant of GC-7e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae1pest
- Second interactor
- GC-7e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality ratee1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 95.82%e1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment with the fermentation supernatant of GC-7 in vitro showed a highly lethal effect on second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne graminicola , with the mortality rate increasing to 95.82% at 24 h and egg hatching significantly inhibited, with a hatch inhibition rate of 60.65% at 96 h”
e4“The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-7 fermentation supernatant significantly inhibited egg hatching of M. graminicola in vitro, with a hatch inhibition rate of 60.65% at 96 h.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- fermentation supernatant of GC-7e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae1pest
- Second interactor
- GC-7e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg hatchinge1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 60.65%e1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment with the fermentation supernatant of GC-7 in vitro showed a highly lethal effect on second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne graminicola , with the mortality rate increasing to 95.82% at 24 h and egg hatching significantly inhibited, with a hatch inhibition rate of 60.65% at 96 h”
e4“The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-7 culture reduced the gall index and nematode population in rice roots and soils under greenhouse conditions, compared with the control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- GC-7 culturee2
- Outcome
- gall index and nematode populatione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- Under greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Under greenhouse conditions, the GC-7 culture efficiently reduced the gall index and nematode population in rice roots and soils, as well as inhibited nematode development compared to the control”
e4“The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-7 culture inhibited nematode development under greenhouse conditions, compared with the control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- GC-7 culturee2
- Outcome
- nematode developmente2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- Under greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Under greenhouse conditions, the GC-7 culture efficiently reduced the gall index and nematode population in rice roots and soils, as well as inhibited nematode development compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of GC-7 in the field showed a high biocontrol efficacy against M. graminicola, with a control efficiency of 58.85%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- application of the GC-7e3
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae3pest
- Second interactor
- GC-7e3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biocontrol efficacye3
- Direction
- highe3
- Value
- 58.85%e3
- Setting
- Under field conditionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Under field conditions, application of the GC-7 consistently showed a high biocontrol efficacy against M. graminicola (with a control efficiency of 58.85%) and promoted plant growth”
e4“The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of GC-7 in the field promoted plant growth of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- application of the GC-7e3
- Outcome
- plant growthe3
- Direction
- promotede3
- Setting
- Under field conditionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Under field conditions, application of the GC-7 consistently showed a high biocontrol efficacy against M. graminicola (with a control efficiency of 58.85%) and promoted plant growth”
e4“The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of GC-7 significantly suppressed final nematode populations in soil of M. graminicola-infested rice fields under natural conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- inoculation of GC-7e5
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae5pest
- Second interactor
- GC-7e5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- final nematode populations in soile5
- Direction
- suppressede5
- Setting
- under natural conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In addition, the inoculation of GC-7 in M. graminicola -infested rice plant fields significantly suppressed final nematode populations in soil under natural conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-7 treatment remarkably increased defense-related enzyme activities in rice roots compared with roots challenged by M. graminicola.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Organ / stage
- plant rootse6
- Treatment
- GC-7e6
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae6pest
- Second interactor
- GC-7e6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- activities of plant defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee6
- Direction
- remarkably increasede6
- Comparator
- roots that were challenge to M. graminicolae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Furthermore, activities of plant defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were remarkably increased in plant roots treated with GC-7 compared with roots that were challenge to M. graminicola”
e4“The bacterium significantly reduced the level of damage caused by M. graminicola infestations to rice ( Oryza sativa ) in greenhouse and field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with GC-7 significantly enhanced the expression of defense genes (PR1a, WRKY45, JaMYB, AOS2, ERF1, ACS1) related to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse7
- Treatment
- inoculation with GC-7e7
- Interactor
- GC-7e7biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- PR1a , WRKY45 , JaMYB , AOS2 , ERF1 , and ACS1e7
- Outcome
- expression of defense genese7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that GC-7 significantly enhanced the expression of defense genes ( PR1a , WRKY45 , JaMYB , AOS2 , ERF1 , and ACS1 ) related to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways in rice roots after inoculation with GC-7 at different levels”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-7 could be an effective biological component in the integrated management of M. graminicola infecting rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pest
- Outcome
- effective biological component in the integrated management of M. graminicolae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that GC-7 could be an effective biological component in the integrated management of M. graminicola infecting rice”
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