Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Fo), is a severe soil-borne disease affecting cucumber production worldwide, particularly under monocropping in greenhouses. Silicon (Si) plays an important role in improving the resistance of crops to Fusarium wilt, but the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. Here, an in vitro study showed that 3 mmol·l -1 Si had the best inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture for 7 days. Subsequently, the occurrence of cucumber wilt disease and its mechanisms were investigated upon treatments with exogenous silicon under soil culture. The plant height, stem diameter, root length, and root activity under Si+Fo treatment increased significantly by 39.53%, 94.87%, 74.32%, and 95.11% compared with Fo only. Importantly, the control efficiency of Si+Fo was 69.31% compared with that of Fo treatment. Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%, while the contents of H 2 O 2 , O2·− , and malondialdehyde (MDA) notably decreased by 21.67%, 59.67%, and 38.701%, respectively, in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo. Compared with Fo treatment, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rates ( V cmax), maximum RuBP regeneration rates ( J max), and activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPase , and FBPase in Si+Fo treatment increased significantly. Furthermore, Si alleviated stomatal closure and enhanced endogenous silicon content compared with only Fo inoculation. The study results suggest that exogenous silicon application improves cucumber resistance to Fusarium wilt by stimulating the antioxidant system, photosynthetic capacity, and stomatal movement in cucumber leaves. This study brings new insights into the potential of Si application in boosting cucumber resistance against Fusarium wilt with a bright prospect for Si use in cucumber production under greenhouse conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon inhibited Fusarium mycelial growth most strongly at 3 mmol·l -1 in vitro.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- 3 mmol·l -1 Sie0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growth of F. oxysporume0
- Direction
- best inhibitory effecte0
- Setting
- potato dextrose agar (PDA) culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“3 mmol·l -1 Si had the best inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture for 7 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium increased cucumber plant height by 39.53% versus Fusarium alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Foe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.53%e0
- Comparator
- Fo onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“The plant height, stem diameter, root length, and root activity under Si+Fo treatment increased significantly by 39.53%, 94.87%, 74.32%, and 95.11% compared with Fo only”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium increased cucumber stem diameter by 94.87% versus Fusarium alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Foe0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 94.87%e0
- Comparator
- Fo onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“The plant height, stem diameter, root length, and root activity under Si+Fo treatment increased significantly by 39.53%, 94.87%, 74.32%, and 95.11% compared with Fo only”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium increased cucumber root length by 74.32% versus Fusarium alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Foe0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74.32%e0
- Comparator
- Fo onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“The plant height, stem diameter, root length, and root activity under Si+Fo treatment increased significantly by 39.53%, 94.87%, 74.32%, and 95.11% compared with Fo only”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium increased cucumber root activity by 95.11% versus Fusarium alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Foe0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 95.11%e0
- Comparator
- Fo onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“The plant height, stem diameter, root length, and root activity under Si+Fo treatment increased significantly by 39.53%, 94.87%, 74.32%, and 95.11% compared with Fo only”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium achieved 69.31% wilt control efficiency versus Fusarium treatment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Foe0
- Outcome
- control efficiencye0
- Value
- 69.31%e0
- Comparator
- Fo treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“the control efficiency of Si+Fo was 69.31% compared with that of Fo treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium raised cucumber root POD activity by 148.92% versus Fusarium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Si + Foe1
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- activities of peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 148.92%e0
- Comparator
- Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%”
e1“in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium raised cucumber root CAT activity by 26.47% versus Fusarium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si + Foe1
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.47%e0
- Comparator
- Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%”
e1“in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium raised cucumber root APX activity by 58.54% versus Fusarium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si + Foe1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58.54%e0
- Comparator
- Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%”
e1“in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium reduced cucumber root H 2 O 2 content by 21.67%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si + Foe0
- Outcome
- contents of H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.67%e0
- Comparator
- Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%, while the contents of H 2 O 2 , O2·− , and malondialdehyde (MDA) notably decreased by 21.67%, 59.67%, and 38.701%, respectively, in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium reduced cucumber root O2·− content by 59.67%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si + Foe0
- Outcome
- O2·−e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 59.67%e0
- Comparator
- Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%, while the contents of H 2 O 2 , O2·− , and malondialdehyde (MDA) notably decreased by 21.67%, 59.67%, and 38.701%, respectively, in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium reduced cucumber root MDA content by 38.701%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si + Foe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 38.701%e0
- Comparator
- Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) significantly increased by 148.92%, 26.47%, and 58.54%, while the contents of H 2 O 2 , O2·− , and malondialdehyde (MDA) notably decreased by 21.67%, 59.67%, and 38.701%, respectively, in roots of cucumber plants treated with Si + Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium significantly increased net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Fo treatmente0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Fo treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo treatment, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rates ( V cmax), maximum RuBP regeneration rates ( J max), and activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPase , and FBPase in Si+Fo treatment increased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium significantly increased maximum RuBisCO carboxylation and RuBP regeneration rates.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Fo treatmente0
- Outcome
- maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rates ( V cmax), maximum RuBP regeneration rates ( J max)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Fo treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo treatment, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rates ( V cmax), maximum RuBP regeneration rates ( J max), and activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPase , and FBPase in Si+Fo treatment increased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium significantly increased activities of RuBisCO, FBPase and GAPDH.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Fo treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Fo treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Compared with Fo treatment, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rates ( V cmax), maximum RuBP regeneration rates ( J max), and activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPase , and FBPase in Si+Fo treatment increased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium significantly increased FBPA, TPI and SBPase expression.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Fo treatmente0
- Outcome
- expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Fo treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“the expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPase , and FBPase in Si+Fo treatment increased significantly”
e1“Compared with Fo treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon plus Fusarium significantly increased FBPase expression.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Si+Fo treatmente0
- Outcome
- FBPasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Fo treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“the expression of FBPA , TPI , SBPase , and FBPase in Si+Fo treatment increased significantly”
e1“Compared with Fo treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon alleviated stomatal closure relative to Fusarium inoculation alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- only Fo inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Si alleviated stomatal closure and enhanced endogenous silicon content compared with only Fo inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon raised endogenous silicon content relative to Fusarium inoculation alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- endogenous silicon contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- only Fo inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Si alleviated stomatal closure and enhanced endogenous silicon content compared with only Fo inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer silicon improves cucumber wilt resistance through antioxidant, photosynthetic and stomatal responses.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- exogenous silicon applicatione0
- Outcome
- cucumber resistance to Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- improvese0
- Qualifier
- stimulating the antioxidant system, photosynthetic capacity, and stomatal movemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“exogenous silicon application improves cucumber resistance to Fusarium wilt by stimulating the antioxidant system, photosynthetic capacity, and stomatal movement in cucumber leaves”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
- positive
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silicon atom · molecular: expression · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.