Abstract
Efficacies of three abiotic inducers (systemic resistance agents) i.e., bion, humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), compared to Rizolex-T50 as seed treatments were tested against damping-off and root rot diseases of cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) in pot and field experiments. In green house, pathogenicity test indicated that the three tested fungi were pathogenic and caused emergence damping-off. R. solanicaused the highest percentage of pre-emergence damping-off. Moreover, the lowest percentage of survived plants was occurred under F. oxysporum and R. solani (26.7% for each). Rizolex-T50 presented the highest reduction in disease parameters in infested soil with the three fungi, Bion came next to the fungicide followed by humic acid then salicylic acid. All the investigated treatments significantly increased the activity of chitinase, β-1, 3-gluctronase, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymes. As well as total content of phenolic compounds and total content of lignin were increased in cluster bean plants grown in artificially infested soil with the three tested fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina) each alone compared with untreated control. In field, pre sowing seed treatments with the desired inducer of resistance inducer caused considerable increase in the photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll) and seed quality (total nitrogen and total protein). In general, the highest figured data of the increase in the cluster bean tissue were associated with the inducer resistance agents i.e., Bion, salicylic acid and humic acid, respectively, followed by seed treatment with the fungicide Rizolex-T50. Whereas the lowest increase was shown in control treatment. It could be concluded that any of bion, HA or SA can act as inducer of systemic resistance in cluster bean plant against infection by each of Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina infections. Consequently, these agents could be recommended for management damping-off and root rot diseases in cluster bean plants and improving photosynthetic pigments and seed quality.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All three tested fungi caused emergence damping-off in cluster bean.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)
Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2 - Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Second interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- emergence damping-offe0
- Qualifier
- Macrophomina phaseolinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the three tested fungi were pathogenic and caused emergence damping-off”
e1“three tested fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina)”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani caused the highest pre-emergence damping-off percentage.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae1
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of pre-emergence damping-offe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. solanicaused the highest percentage of pre-emergence damping-off”
e1“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum treatment yielded 26.7% survival, the lowest reported.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae1
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of survived plantse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 26.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest percentage of survived plants was occurred under F. oxysporum and R. solani (26.7% for each)”
e1“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani treatment yielded 26.7% survival, the lowest reported.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae1
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of survived plantse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 26.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest percentage of survived plants was occurred under F. oxysporum and R. solani (26.7% for each)”
e1“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rizolex-T50 gave the highest reduction in disease parameters in infested soil.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae1
- Treatment
- Rizolex-T50e0
- Outcome
- disease parameterse0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
- Qualifier
- infested soil with the three fungie0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rizolex-T50 presented the highest reduction in disease parameters in infested soil with the three fungi”
e1“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion ranked behind Rizolex-T50 for reduction in disease parameters.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- Bione0
- Outcome
- reduction in disease parameterse1
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T50e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bion came next to the fungicide followed by humic acid then salicylic acid”
e1“Rizolex-T50 presented the highest reduction in disease parameters”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
humic acid ranked behind Rizolex-T50 for reduction in disease parameters.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- humic acide0
- Outcome
- reduction in disease parameterse1
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T50e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bion came next to the fungicide followed by humic acid then salicylic acid”
e1“Rizolex-T50 presented the highest reduction in disease parameters”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
salicylic acid ranked behind Rizolex-T50 for reduction in disease parameters.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- reduction in disease parameterse1
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T50e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bion came next to the fungicide followed by humic acid then salicylic acid”
e1“Rizolex-T50 presented the highest reduction in disease parameters”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The investigated treatments significantly increased chitinase, β-1, 3-gluctronase and peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- All the investigated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- activity of chitinase, β-1, 3-gluctronase, peroxidase (PO)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the investigated treatments significantly increased the activity of chitinase, β-1, 3-gluctronase, peroxidase (PO)”
e1“compared with untreated control”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The investigated treatments significantly increased PPO and PAL activity.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- All the investigated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the investigated treatments significantly increased the activity of chitinase, β-1, 3-gluctronase, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymes”
e1“compared with untreated control”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased phenolic and lignin contents in infected cluster bean relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- cluster beanCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Treatment
- All the investigated treatmentse2
- Outcome
- total content of phenolic compounds and total content of lignine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total content of phenolic compounds and total content of lignin were increased in cluster bean plants grown in artificially infested soil”
e1“compared with untreated control”
e2“All the investigated treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing seed treatments increased chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll in the field.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- pre sowing seed treatments with the desired inducer of resistance inducere0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In field, pre sowing seed treatments with the desired inducer of resistance inducer caused considerable increase in the photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll)”
e1“lowest increase was shown in control treatment”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing seed treatments increased seed nitrogen and protein in the field.
- Taxon
- cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)Cyamopsis tetragonolobae2
- Treatment
- pre sowing seed treatments with the desired inducer of resistance inducere0
- Outcome
- seed quality (total nitrogen and total protein)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In field, pre sowing seed treatments with the desired inducer of resistance inducer caused considerable increase in the photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll) and seed quality (total nitrogen and total protein)”
e1“lowest increase was shown in control treatment”
e2“cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion, salicylic acid and humic acid produced the highest tissue increases, in that order, ahead of Rizolex-T50.
- Taxon
- cluster beanCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Outcome
- increase in the cluster bean tissuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T50e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest figured data of the increase in the cluster bean tissue were associated with the inducer resistance agents i.e., Bion, salicylic acid and humic acid, respectively, followed by seed treatment with the fungicide Rizolex-T50”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion, HA or SA may be used to manage damping-off and root rot and improve pigments and seed quality.
- Taxon
- cluster beanCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Treatment
- bion, HA or SAe1
- Outcome
- management damping-off and root rot diseases in cluster bean plants and improving photosynthetic pigments and seed qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these agents could be recommended for management damping-off and root rot diseases in cluster bean plants and improving photosynthetic pigments and seed quality”
e1“any of bion, HA or SA”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · quality: protein · Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (cluster bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
seed treatment · physiology: photosynthesis · Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (cluster bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.