Abstract
Long-term use of chemical fertilizers is affecting the environment, soil quality, and biodiversity. Organic agriculture is gaining global attention by using microbial-based biofertilizers. Carriers protect microbes by providing nutrition, energy, and suitable conditions for their survival while entering the natural environments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of different carrier materials to enhance the yield and the quality of spinach and to select the best carrier material for spinach biofertilizer. Three pre-isolated and characterized bacterial strains (AN-35, ZM-27, and ZM-63) were tested for their compatibility and used in this experiment through seed inoculation with organic carriers, i.e., compost, peat, press mud, biochar, and charcoal. A pot experiment and a field experiment were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different organic carriers. The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control. Similarly, in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations. From these results, it is concluded that peat is a good carrier material for biofertilizer production as it not only enhances crop production but also the microbial number, in addition to improving soil quality.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach shoot length by 25% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach shoot fresh weight by 24% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach root length by 25% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach root fresh weight by 29% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach nitrogen by 18% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach phosphorus by 22% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach potassium by 15% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach iron by 17% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- irone0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach zinc by 14% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- zince0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach relative water content by 27% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach chlorophyll content by 9% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased spinach membrane stability index by 28% in pots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- pot studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the pot study showed a significant increase in spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (25%), shoot fresh weight (24%), root length (25%), and root fresh weight (29%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (18%), phosphorus (22%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (14%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (27%), chlorophyll content (9%), and the membrane stability index (28%) under peat coated treatments with 24% more soil microbial populations compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach shoot length by 29%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach shoot fresh weight by 23%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach root length by 16%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach root fresh weight by 24.7%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 24.7%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach nitrogen by 16%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach phosphorus by 19%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach potassium by 15%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat coating increased field spinach iron by 17%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- peat coatinge0
- Outcome
- irone0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field experiment, peat coating significantly enhanced spinach growth, i.e., shoot length (29%), shoot fresh weight (23%), root length (16%), and root fresh weight (24.7%), spinach nutrition, i.e., nitrogen (16%), phosphorus (19%), potassium (15%), iron (17%), and zinc (23%), spinach physiology, i.e., relative water content (28%), chlorophyll content (13%) and the membrane stability index (32%), and spinach yield per hectare (30%), as well as producing 20% higher soil microbial populations”
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