Abstract
The study aims to elucidate alleviant effects of boron (B) toxicity by salt pretreatment (SP) on growth response, phytoremediation capacity, photosynthesis, and defense mechanisms in two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05). Eighteen-day-old plants were divided into two groups: SP (75 mM NaCl for 5 days) and/or B treatment (C, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mM B for 10 days). Depending on the applied B toxicity, B concentrations in roots and leaves of both cultivars, necrotic areas of leaves, ion leakage (RLR), and H2O2 synthesis increased, while shoot and root length as well as biomass, water, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoid content decreased. In addition, chlorophyll a fluorescence results revealed that every stage of the light reactions of photosynthesis was adversely affected under B toxicity, resulting in decreases in performance indexes (PIABS and PITOT). However, the cultivars tended to induce the synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonoids and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, APX, and GR) to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) under B toxicity. SP mitigated the negative effects of toxic B on biomass, water and pigment content, membrane integrity, photosynthetic activity, and defense systems. Considering all results, Remzibey-05 was able to better overcome the biochemical and physiological changes that may be caused by B toxicity by more effectively rendering B harmless, although it accumulated more B than Dinçer.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity increased boron concentration in safflower roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.
Carthamus tinctoriuse1 - Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- B concentrations in roots and leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depending on the applied B toxicity, B concentrations in roots and leaves of both cultivars, necrotic areas of leaves, ion leakage (RLR), and H2O2 synthesis increased”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity increased leaf necrosis, ion leakage and H2O2 synthesis.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- necrotic areas of leaves, ion leakage (RLR), and H2O2 synthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depending on the applied B toxicity, B concentrations in roots and leaves of both cultivars, necrotic areas of leaves, ion leakage (RLR), and H2O2 synthesis increased”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity decreased safflower shoot and root lengths and biomass.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- B toxicitye2
- Outcome
- shoot and root length as well as biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while shoot and root length as well as biomass, water, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoid content decreased.”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity decreased water, chlorophyll and carotenoid content.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- B toxicitye2
- Outcome
- water, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while shoot and root length as well as biomass, water, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoid content decreased.”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity adversely affected all stages of photosynthetic light reactions.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- every stage of the light reactions of photosynthesise0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“every stage of the light reactions of photosynthesis was adversely affected under B toxicity”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity decreased PIABS and PITOT performance indexes.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- B toxicitye2
- Outcome
- performance indexes (PIABS and PITOT)e0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in decreases in performance indexes (PIABS and PITOT).”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under boron toxicity, safflower cultivars tended to induce anthocyanin and flavonoid synthesis.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Outcome
- synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- inducee0
- Qualifier
- tended toe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cultivars tended to induce the synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonoids”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under boron toxicity, safflower cultivars increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, APX, and GR)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, APX, and GR) to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) under B toxicity.”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt pretreatment mitigated boron toxicity effects on biomass, water and pigment content.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- SPe0
- Outcome
- biomass, water and pigment contente0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- toxic Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SP mitigated the negative effects of toxic B on biomass, water and pigment content, membrane integrity, photosynthetic activity, and defense systems.”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt pretreatment mitigated boron toxicity effects on membrane integrity, photosynthesis and defenses.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- SPe0
- Outcome
- membrane integrity, photosynthetic activity, and defense systemse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- toxic Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SP mitigated the negative effects of toxic B on biomass, water and pigment content, membrane integrity, photosynthetic activity, and defense systems.”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Remzibey-05 better overcame biochemical and physiological effects of boron toxicity than Dinçer despite accumulating more boron.
- Taxon
- Carthamus tinctorius L.Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Remzibey-05e0
- Outcome
- biochemical and physiological changese0
- Direction
- better overcomee0
- Qualifier
- although it accumulated more B than Dinçere0
- Comparator
- Dinçere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Remzibey-05 was able to better overcome the biochemical and physiological changes that may be caused by B toxicity by more effectively rendering B harmless, although it accumulated more B than Dinçer.”
t0“Safflower”
e1“two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Dinçer and Remzibey-05)”
e2“Depending on the applied B toxicity”
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