Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) fluxes and their soil-related factors were quantified in irrigated maize and potato fields by two split-plot experiments with and without crop residue (CR) together with four fertilizer N rates: N zero (control), farmers’ N (FP), recommended N (RD) and 25% above RD (1.25 RD). CR application together with RD increased NH3 fluxes in maize by 8% in comparison to RD without CR. The NH3 emission factor in maize ranged from 29% in the farmers’ practice (FP-without CR) to 34% in 1.25 RD coupled with CR. Yield-scaled NH3 fluxes increased with N fertilizer application rate. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in maize was 53% higher in FP without CR than in other treatment combinations. In potato, CR coupled with FP reduced NH3 fluxes by 23%. Crop residue and N fertilization rate interaction were significant for NUE, where 1.25 RD without CR increased NUE by 19% when compared with FP-without CR. Stepwise multiple linear regressions showed that mineral N and pH explained 95% of the variances of NH3 fluxes. NH3 fluxes in maize are a significant N loss pathway which is driven mainly by fertilizer N rate, soil mineral N and pH.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
CR application with RD increased NH3 fluxes in maize by 8% compared with RD without CR.
- Treatment
- CR application together with RDe0
- Outcome
- NH3 fluxese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Comparator
- RD without CRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CR application together with RD increased NH3 fluxes in maize by 8% in comparison to RD without CR”
Claim · model-written summary
The NH3 emission factor in maize ranged from 29% (farmers practice without CR) to 34% (1.25 RD with CR).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NH3 emission factor in maize ranged from 29% in the farmers’ practice (FP-without CR) to 34% in 1.25 RD coupled with CR”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield-scaled NH3 fluxes increased with N fertilizer application rate.
- Taxon
- maize and potato
Solanum tuberosum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- N fertilizer application ratee1
- Outcome
- Yield-scaled NH3 fluxese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigated maize and potato fields”
e1“Yield-scaled NH3 fluxes increased with N fertilizer application rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize NUE was 53% higher under FP without CR than under other treatment combinations.
- Treatment
- FP without CRe0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 53%e0
- Comparator
- other treatment combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in maize was 53% higher in FP without CR than in other treatment combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
In potato, CR coupled with FP reduced NH3 fluxes by 23%.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- CR coupled with FPe0
- Outcome
- NH3 fluxese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In potato, CR coupled with FP reduced NH3 fluxes by 23%”
Claim · model-written summary
The crop residue and N fertilization rate interaction was significant for NUE.
- Taxon
- maize and potatoSolanum tuberosumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Crop residue and N fertilization rate interactione1
- Outcome
- NUEe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigated maize and potato fields”
e1“Crop residue and N fertilization rate interaction were significant for NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
1.25 RD without CR increased NUE by 19% compared with FP without CR.
- Taxon
- maize and potatoSolanum tuberosumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- 1.25 RD without CRe1
- Outcome
- NUEe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19%e1
- Comparator
- FP-without CRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigated maize and potato fields”
e1“1.25 RD without CR increased NUE by 19% when compared with FP-without CR”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral N and pH explained 95% of the variance of NH3 fluxes in stepwise multiple linear regression.
- Taxon
- maize and potatoSolanum tuberosumZea mayse0
- Compound
- mineral Ne1
- Outcome
- variances of NH3 fluxese1
- Value
- 95%e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigated maize and potato fields”
e1“Stepwise multiple linear regressions showed that mineral N and pH explained 95% of the variances of NH3 fluxes”
Claim · model-written summary
NH3 fluxes in maize are a significant N loss pathway, driven mainly by fertilizer N rate, soil mineral N and pH (author interpretation).
- Compound
- soil mineral Ne0
- Outcome
- NH3 fluxese0
- Qualifier
- driven mainly by fertilizer N rate, soil mineral N and pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NH3 fluxes in maize are a significant N loss pathway which is driven mainly by fertilizer N rate, soil mineral N and pH”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.