Abstract
In arid and semi-arid regions, intercropping systems combined with biofertilizer application help improve the quantity and quality of food and industrial crops. This study assessed the effect of biofertilizers on the seed yield, essential oil (EO) concentration, fatty acid profile, and phenolic compounds of dragon’s head in intercropping patterns under rainfed conditions during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The treatments comprised five planting patterns [sole cropping of dragon’s head (D) and chickpea (Ch) and intercropping patterns of 1D:1Ch, 2D:1Ch, 1D:2Ch] and three fertilizer sources [arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacterial biofertilizers (BI), no fertilization (control)]. The most sustainable combination was 2D:1Ch with BI fertilization, with the highest EO concentration in dragon’s head aerial parts (0.94%) and seeds (0.59%). The major EO constituents of dragon’s head aerial parts were germacrene-D and (E)-caryophyllene and seeds were 1,8-cineole and O-cymene. The 2D:1Ch intercropping pattern with BI fertilization also had the highest concentrations of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and phenolic compounds (quercetin and chlorogenic acid) and the highest land equivalent ratio (1.15). These results indicate that intercropping and BI fertilization can improve dragon’s head cultivation, rendering it a sustainable strategy for EO production under rainfed conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The 2D:1Ch intercropping with BI fertilization gave the highest essential oil concentration in dragon’s head aerial parts (0.94%)
- Taxon
- Lallemantia iberica
Dracocephalum ibericumt0 - Organ / stage
- aerial partse1
- Treatment
- 2D:1Ch with BI fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- EO concentratione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 0.94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e1“The most sustainable combination was 2D:1Ch with BI fertilization, with the highest EO concentration in dragon’s head aerial parts (0.94%) and seeds (0.59%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2D:1Ch intercropping with BI fertilization gave the highest essential oil concentration in dragon’s head seeds (0.59%)
- Taxon
- Lallemantia ibericaDracocephalum ibericumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- 2D:1Ch with BI fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- EO concentratione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 0.59%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e1“The most sustainable combination was 2D:1Ch with BI fertilization, with the highest EO concentration in dragon’s head aerial parts (0.94%) and seeds (0.59%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The major essential oil constituents of dragon’s head aerial parts were germacrene-D and (E)-caryophyllene
- Taxon
- Lallemantia ibericaDracocephalum ibericumt0
- Organ / stage
- aerial partse2
- Outcome
- major EO constituentse2
- Qualifier
- germacrene-D and (E)-caryophyllenee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e2“The major EO constituents of dragon’s head aerial parts were germacrene-D and (E)-caryophyllene and seeds were 1,8-cineole and O-cymene”
Claim · model-written summary
The major essential oil constituents of dragon’s head seeds were 1,8-cineole and O-cymene
- Taxon
- Lallemantia ibericaDracocephalum ibericumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedse2
- Outcome
- major EO constituentse2
- Qualifier
- 1,8-cineole and O-cymenee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e2“The major EO constituents of dragon’s head aerial parts were germacrene-D and (E)-caryophyllene and seeds were 1,8-cineole and O-cymene”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2D:1Ch intercropping with BI fertilization gave the highest concentrations of linoleic acid, oleic acid and phenolic compounds
- Taxon
- Lallemantia ibericaDracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 2D:1Ch intercropping pattern with BI fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- concentrations of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and phenolic compoundse3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e3“The 2D:1Ch intercropping pattern with BI fertilization also had the highest concentrations of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and phenolic compounds (quercetin and chlorogenic acid) and the highest land equivalent ratio (1.15)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2D:1Ch intercropping with BI fertilization gave the highest land equivalent ratio (1.15)
- Taxon
- Lallemantia ibericaDracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 2D:1Ch intercropping pattern with BI fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratioe3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 1.15e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e3“The 2D:1Ch intercropping pattern with BI fertilization also had the highest concentrations of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and phenolic compounds (quercetin and chlorogenic acid) and the highest land equivalent ratio (1.15)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2D:1Ch intercropping with BI fertilization is the most sustainable combination for dragon’s head
- Taxon
- Lallemantia ibericaDracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 2D:1Ch with BI fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- most sustainable combinatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica)”
e1“The most sustainable combination was 2D:1Ch with BI fertilization, with the highest EO concentration in dragon’s head aerial parts (0.94%) and seeds (0.59%)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.