Abstract
Abstract Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and then various pruning and foliar urea treatments were applied to alter growth and improve fruit size. Fruit size declined from the top to the bottom of the canopy of mature spur-bound ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees with a similar pattern in the following criteria: leaf area/spur, spur specific leaf weight, and spur bud diameter. Spur leaf area was higher in the top center and east sections than in the top south. Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was highest in the north and east sections, lowest in the central section, and intermediate in the south and west sections. Concentrations of leaf Mn, Zn, B, Al, and Na tended to increase from the top to the bottom of the canopy. Four urea sprays (6 g urea/liter) during the cell division period of fruit growth had little influence on spur quality, but fruit weight was increased 3 successive years. Spur pruning of 25-year-old ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees was not sufficient to increase shoot growth or improve spur quality, but heading back into 2-year-old wood plus spur pruning increased shoot number by 38%. Spur and heading-back pruning increased the number of shoots and total shoot leaf area of 13-year-old ‘Red Chief Delicious’ trees, and the combination of both pruning types led to the greatest increase. Heading-back of the younger trees increased leaf area of both shoots and spurs and spur pruning also increased leaf area/spur. Heading-back pruning increased average fruit weight, and the increase was positively correlated with total leaf area, shoot leaf area, and number of shoot leaves/mm of branch circumference.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit size declined from the top to the bottom of the canopy of mature Starkrimson Delicious apple trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Starkrimson Deliciouse1
- Organ / stage
- top to the bottom of the canopye1
- Outcome
- fruit sizee1
- Direction
- declinede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Fruit size declined from the top to the bottom of the canopy of mature spur-bound ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees with a similar pattern in the following criteria: leaf area/spur, spur specific leaf weight, and spur bud diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area per spur, spur specific leaf weight and spur bud diameter showed a similar pattern of decline from the top to the bottom of the canopy.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Starkrimson Deliciouse1
- Organ / stage
- top to the bottom of the canopye1
- Outcome
- leaf area/spur, spur specific leaf weight, and spur bud diametere1
- Direction
- similar patterne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Fruit size declined from the top to the bottom of the canopy of mature spur-bound ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees with a similar pattern in the following criteria: leaf area/spur, spur specific leaf weight, and spur bud diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur leaf area was higher in the top center and east sections than in the top south section.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- top center and east sectionse2
- Outcome
- Spur leaf areae2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- top southe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e2“Spur leaf area was higher in the top center and east sections than in the top south”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was highest in the north and east sections.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- bottom third of the canopye3
- Outcome
- Spur bud diametere3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Qualifier
- north and east sectionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e3“Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was highest in the north and east sections, lowest in the central section, and intermediate in the south and west sections”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was lowest in the central section.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- bottom third of the canopye3
- Outcome
- Spur bud diametere3
- Direction
- loweste3
- Qualifier
- central sectione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e3“Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was highest in the north and east sections, lowest in the central section, and intermediate in the south and west sections”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was intermediate in the south and west sections.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- bottom third of the canopye3
- Outcome
- Spur bud diametere3
- Direction
- intermediatee3
- Qualifier
- south and west sectionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e3“Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was highest in the north and east sections, lowest in the central section, and intermediate in the south and west sections”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Mn, Zn and B concentrations tended to increase from the top to the bottom of the canopy.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- top to the bottom of the canopye4
- Outcome
- Mn, Zn, Be4
- Direction
- tended to increasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e4“Concentrations of leaf Mn, Zn, B, Al, and Na tended to increase from the top to the bottom of the canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Al and Na concentrations tended to increase from the top to the bottom of the canopy.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- top to the bottom of the canopye4
- Outcome
- Al, and Nae4
- Direction
- tended to increasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e4“Concentrations of leaf Mn, Zn, B, Al, and Na tended to increase from the top to the bottom of the canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Four urea sprays during the cell division period of fruit growth had little influence on spur quality.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Four urea sprays (6 g urea/liter)e5
- Outcome
- spur qualitye5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e5“Four urea sprays (6 g urea/liter) during the cell division period of fruit growth had little influence on spur quality, but fruit weight was increased 3 successive years”
Claim · model-written summary
Four urea sprays increased fruit weight over three successive years.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Four urea sprays (6 g urea/liter)e5
- Outcome
- fruit weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- 3 successive yearse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e5“Four urea sprays (6 g urea/liter) during the cell division period of fruit growth had little influence on spur quality, but fruit weight was increased 3 successive years”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur pruning was not sufficient to increase shoot growth or improve spur quality in 25-year-old Starkrimson Delicious trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Starkrimson Deliciouse6
- Treatment
- Spur pruninge6
- Outcome
- shoot growth or improve spur qualitye6
- Direction
- not sufficient to increasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e6“Spur pruning of 25-year-old ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees was not sufficient to increase shoot growth or improve spur quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading back into 2-year-old wood plus spur pruning increased shoot number by 38%.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- heading back into 2-year-old wood plus spur pruninge7
- Outcome
- shoot numbere7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 38%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e7“heading back into 2-year-old wood plus spur pruning increased shoot number by 38%”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur and heading-back pruning increased the number of shoots and total shoot leaf area of Red Chief Delicious trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Red Chief Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- Spur and heading-back pruninge1
- Outcome
- number of shoots and total shoot leaf areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Spur and heading-back pruning increased the number of shoots and total shoot leaf area of 13-year-old ‘Red Chief Delicious’ trees, and the combination of both pruning types led to the greatest increase”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of spur and heading-back pruning gave the greatest increase in shoot number and total shoot leaf area of Red Chief Delicious trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Red Chief Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- the combination of both pruning typese1
- Outcome
- number of shoots and total shoot leaf areae1
- Direction
- greatest increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Spur and heading-back pruning increased the number of shoots and total shoot leaf area of 13-year-old ‘Red Chief Delicious’ trees, and the combination of both pruning types led to the greatest increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading-back increased leaf area of both shoots and spurs of younger Delicious trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Material
- younger treese1
- Treatment
- Heading-backe1
- Outcome
- leaf area of both shoots and spurse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Heading-back of the younger trees increased leaf area of both shoots and spurs and spur pruning also increased leaf area/spur”
Claim · model-written summary
Spur pruning increased leaf area per spur.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- spur pruninge1
- Outcome
- leaf area/spure1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Heading-back of the younger trees increased leaf area of both shoots and spurs and spur pruning also increased leaf area/spur”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading-back pruning increased average fruit weight.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Heading-back pruninge1
- Outcome
- average fruit weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Heading-back pruning increased average fruit weight, and the increase was positively correlated with total leaf area, shoot leaf area, and number of shoot leaves/mm of branch circumference”
Claim · model-written summary
The heading-back-pruning increase in fruit weight was positively correlated with total leaf area, shoot leaf area and number of shoot leaves per mm of branch circumference.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Heading-back pruninge1
- Outcome
- total leaf area, shoot leaf area, and number of shoot leaves/mm of branch circumferencee1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees”
e1“Heading-back pruning increased average fruit weight, and the increase was positively correlated with total leaf area, shoot leaf area, and number of shoot leaves/mm of branch circumference”
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