Abstract
To understand how light intensity influences plant morphology and photosynthesis in the forage crop alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Zhongmu 1), we investigated changes in leaf angle orientation, chlorophyll fluorescence, parameters of photosynthesis and expression of genes related to enzymes involved in photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle and carbon metabolism in alfalfa seedlings exposed to five light intensities (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1) under hydroponic conditions. Seedlings grown under low light intensities had significantly increased plant height, leaf hyponasty, specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, leaf nitrogen content and maximal PSII quantum yield, but the increased light-capturing capacity generated a carbon resource cost (e.g., decreased carbohydrates and biomass accumulation). Increased light intensity significantly improved leaf orientation toward the sun and upregulated the genes for Calvin cycle enzymes, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1) significantly enhanced carbohydrate accumulation, accompanied by gene upregulation and increased activity of sucrose and starch-synthesis-related enzymes and those involved in carbon metabolism. Together, these results advance our understanding of morphological and physiological regulation in shade avoidance in alfalfa, which would guide the identification of suitable spatial planting patterns in the agricultural system.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Low light significantly increased alfalfa seedling height.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- low light intensitiese0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown under low light intensities had significantly increased plant height, leaf hyponasty, specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, leaf nitrogen content and maximal PSII quantum yield”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light significantly increased leaf hyponasty and specific leaf area.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- low light intensitiese0
- Outcome
- leaf hyponasty, specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown under low light intensities had significantly increased plant height, leaf hyponasty, specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, leaf nitrogen content and maximal PSII quantum yield”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light significantly increased photosynthetic pigments and leaf nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- low light intensitiese0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, leaf nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown under low light intensities had significantly increased plant height, leaf hyponasty, specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, leaf nitrogen content and maximal PSII quantum yield”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light significantly increased maximum PSII quantum yield.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- low light intensitiese0
- Outcome
- maximal PSII quantum yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown under low light intensities had significantly increased plant height, leaf hyponasty, specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, leaf nitrogen content and maximal PSII quantum yield”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-light carbon capture came with decreased carbohydrate accumulation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- increased light-capturing capacitye0
- Outcome
- carbohydratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased light-capturing capacity generated a carbon resource cost (e.g., decreased carbohydrates and biomass accumulation).”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-light carbon capture came with decreased biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- increased light-capturing capacitye0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased light-capturing capacity generated a carbon resource cost (e.g., decreased carbohydrates and biomass accumulation).”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased light intensity improved leaf orientation toward the sun.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Increased light intensitye0
- Outcome
- leaf orientation toward the sune0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased light intensity significantly improved leaf orientation toward the sun and upregulated the genes for Calvin cycle enzymes, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased light intensity upregulated genes for Calvin cycle enzymes.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Increased light intensitye0
- Gene
- genes for Calvin cycle enzymese0
- Outcome
- genes for Calvin cycle enzymese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased light intensity significantly improved leaf orientation toward the sun and upregulated the genes for Calvin cycle enzymes, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased light intensity increased photosynthetic capacity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Increased light intensitye0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased light intensity significantly improved leaf orientation toward the sun and upregulated the genes for Calvin cycle enzymes, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
High light significantly enhanced carbohydrate accumulation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1)e0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1) significantly enhanced carbohydrate accumulation”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
High light upregulated genes related to sucrose, starch synthesis and carbon metabolism.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1)e0
- Outcome
- gene upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1) significantly enhanced carbohydrate accumulation, accompanied by gene upregulation and increased activity of sucrose and starch-synthesis-related enzymes and those involved in carbon metabolism.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
High light increased activity of sucrose and starch-synthesis enzymes.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1)e0
- Outcome
- activity of sucrose and starch-synthesis-related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1) significantly enhanced carbohydrate accumulation, accompanied by gene upregulation and increased activity of sucrose and starch-synthesis-related enzymes and those involved in carbon metabolism.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
High light increased activity of carbon-metabolism enzymes.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1)e0
- Outcome
- those involved in carbon metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high light (400 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1) significantly enhanced carbohydrate accumulation, accompanied by gene upregulation and increased activity of sucrose and starch-synthesis-related enzymes and those involved in carbon metabolism.”
t0“Alfalfa”
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