Abstract
The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of Tunisia’s major commercial fruit crops and is considered one of the biggest water consumers of all crops. In warm and arid areas of southern Tunisia, irrigation is necessary to ensure orchard longevity and high yield and fruit quality. Nevertheless, under water-scarcity conditions and low water quality, water management should rely on efficient deficit irrigation strategies. In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment. Color, dry-matter content, firmness, organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, β-carotene and minerals were assessed on harvested mature fruits. Dry-matter content and firmness increased significantly under DI and PRD50 (13% and 15.5%). DI fruit had the highest soluble-solid content (SSC), reaching Brix values of 14.3°. Fruit sorbitol and sucrose contents were not affected by Di and PRD50. Higher glucose in fruit juice was observed in PRD50 (23%) and DI (21.5%) compared to FI, which had the highest malic acid content (33.5–37%). Quinic and citric acids decreased with DI and PRD50, while almost all individual phenolic compounds increased with deficit irrigation. Hydroxycinnamates and anthocyanins were significantly higher in fruits harvested from DI and PRD50 treatments. Proanthocyanidins (catechin and epicatechin) were only improved by DI, while flavone compounds and vitamin C were not affected by irrigation restrictions. β-carotene was higher in fruits yielded under FI (0.71 mg/100 g DM) than DI and PRD50 (0.21–0.43 mg/100 g DM). Macro- and micronutrients significantly increased in DI and PRD50 fruit. A significant difference between DI and PRD50 fruits was observed for Zn and Fe concentrations. This research highlights the positive impact of reduced irrigation on bioactive-fruit quality attributes and the suitability of PRD50 and DI as tools for irrigation management in arid areas of southern Tunisia, contributing to water-saving in orchards and the improvement of fruit commercial value.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased fruit dry matter content significantly.
- Taxon
- Peach
Prunus persicat0 - Treatment
- DI and PRD50e0
- Outcome
- Dry-matter contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry-matter content and firmness increased significantly under DI and PRD50 (13% and 15.5%)”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased fruit firmness significantly.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DI and PRD50e0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.5%e0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry-matter content and firmness increased significantly under DI and PRD50 (13% and 15.5%)”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
DI fruit had the highest soluble solid content, 14.3° Brix.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- soluble-solid content (SSC)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 14.3°e0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI fruit had the highest soluble-solid content (SSC), reaching Brix values of 14.3°”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorbitol and sucrose contents were unaffected by DI and PRD50.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- Di and PRD50e0
- Outcome
- sorbitol and sucrose contentse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit sorbitol and sucrose contents were not affected by Di and PRD50”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
PRD50 increased fruit juice glucose relative to FI.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- PRD50e0
- Outcome
- glucose in fruit juicee0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher glucose in fruit juice was observed in PRD50 (23%) and DI (21.5%) compared to FI”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
DI increased fruit juice glucose relative to FI.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- glucose in fruit juicee0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 21.5%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher glucose in fruit juice was observed in PRD50 (23%) and DI (21.5%) compared to FI”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
FI fruit had the highest malic acid content.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- FIe0
- Outcome
- malic acid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 33.5–37%e0
- Comparator
- DI and PRD50e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FI, which had the highest malic acid content (33.5–37%)”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
e2“Dry-matter content and firmness increased significantly under DI and PRD50 (13% and 15.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
DI and PRD50 reduced quinic and citric acids.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DI and PRD50e0
- Outcome
- Quinic and citric acidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quinic and citric acids decreased with DI and PRD50”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased almost all individual phenolics.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- individual phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“almost all individual phenolic compounds increased with deficit irrigation”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
DI and PRD50 significantly raised hydroxycinnamates and anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DI and PRD50e0
- Outcome
- Hydroxycinnamates and anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroxycinnamates and anthocyanins were significantly higher in fruits harvested from DI and PRD50 treatments”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
DI improved catechin and epicatechin.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- Proanthocyanidins (catechin and epicatechin)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proanthocyanidins (catechin and epicatechin) were only improved by DI”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation restrictions did not affect flavone compounds or vitamin C.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- irrigation restrictionse0
- Outcome
- flavone compounds and vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavone compounds and vitamin C were not affected by irrigation restrictions”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
FI fruit had higher β-carotene than DI and PRD50 fruit.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- FIe0
- Outcome
- β-carotenee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.71 mg/100 g DMe0
- Qualifier
- 0.21–0.43 mg/100 g DMe0
- Comparator
- DI and PRD50e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“β-carotene was higher in fruits yielded under FI (0.71 mg/100 g DM) than DI and PRD50 (0.21–0.43 mg/100 g DM)”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
DI and PRD50 significantly increased macro and micronutrients in fruit.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DI and PRD50e0
- Outcome
- Macro- and micronutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Macro- and micronutrients significantly increased in DI and PRD50 fruit”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn concentration differed significantly between DI and PRD50 fruit.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Comparator
- PRD50e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant difference between DI and PRD50 fruits was observed for Zn and Fe concentrations”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe concentration differed significantly between DI and PRD50 fruit.
- Taxon
- PeachPrunus persicat0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- Fe concentrationse0
- Comparator
- PRD50e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant difference between DI and PRD50 fruits was observed for Zn and Fe concentrations”
t0“Peach Fruit Quality Traits”
e1“In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend PRD50 and DI for irrigation management in arid southern Tunisia orchards.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat0
- Outcome
- PRD50 and DI as tools for irrigation managemente0
- Setting
- southern Tunisiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suitability of PRD50 and DI as tools for irrigation management in arid areas of southern Tunisia, contributing to water-saving in orchards and the improvement of fruit commercial value”
t0“peach”
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