Abstract
The work presented here exhibits the function of calcium (Ca) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the tolerance of tomato seedlings against NaCl stress. The NaCl (100 mM)-stressed seedlings supplemented with 20 mM Ca, showed a substantial increase in K+/Na+ ratio which however, exhibited a significant decrease when they did not receive Ca. Using plasma membrane inhibitors, it was observed that Ca maintained a higher K+/Na+ ratio by altering K+ and Na+ transport via regulation of Na+-H+ antiport system. However, a reverse trend was noticed when 1 mM hypotaurine (HT; H2S scavenger) was applied along with Ca which validates the role of H2S in Ca-mediated regulation of K+-Na+ homeostasis. Interactive effect of Ca and H2S also improved the activity of the enzymes involved in nitrogen (N) metabolism. Impact of enhanced activity of the enzymes of N metabolism was also reflected in increased inorganic N forms viz. nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. The stressed seedlings supplied with Ca exhibited higher activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) which maintained optimum level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which was higher in the stressed seedlings that did not receive Ca. A reduction in ROS by Ca led to reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage than the NaCl-stressed seedlings. On the other hand, application of HT exhibited a reverse trend in these parameters even in presence of Ca. It signifies H2S-dependent functioning of Ca. However, a non-significant effect of HT on root Ca content suggests upstream functioning of Ca to H2S. Therefore, it can be postulated that Ca, through regulating N metabolism, protected the seedlings against NaCl-induced constrains in H2S-dependent manner, and Ca functions upstream of H2S in the regulation of plant adaptive mechanisms to salinity.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium supplementation raised the K+/Na+ ratio in salt-stressed tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 20 mM Cae0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NaCl (100 mM)-stressed seedlings supplemented with 20 mM Ca, showed a substantial increase in K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Without calcium, salt-stressed seedlings had a significantly decreased K+/Na+ ratio.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe1
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exhibited a significant decrease when they did not receive Ca”
t0“tomato roots”
e1“a substantial increase in K+/Na+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium maintained a higher K+/Na+ ratio through altered ion transport and Na+-H+ antiport regulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- altering K+ and Na+ transport via regulation of Na+-H+ antiport systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca maintained a higher K+/Na+ ratio by altering K+ and Na+ transport via regulation of Na+-H+ antiport system”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotaurine reversed the calcium-associated K+/Na+ response.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1 mM hypotaurinee0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe1
- Comparator
- Cae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reverse trend was noticed when 1 mM hypotaurine (HT; H2S scavenger) was applied along with Ca”
e1“a substantial increase in K+/Na+ ratio”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium and H2S increased activity of nitrogen-metabolism enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Ca and H2Se0
- Outcome
- activity of the enzymes involved in nitrogen (N) metabolisme0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interactive effect of Ca and H2S also improved the activity of the enzymes involved in nitrogen (N) metabolism”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium increased with enhanced nitrogen enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- inorganic N forms viz. nitrate, nitrite, and ammoniume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- enhanced activity of the enzymes of N metabolisme0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced activity of the enzymes of N metabolism was also reflected in increased inorganic N forms viz. nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium raised antioxidant enzyme activity in salt-stressed seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stressed seedlings supplied with Ca exhibited higher activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase)”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Reactive oxygen species were higher in stressed seedlings without calcium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reactive oxygen species (ROS) which was higher in the stressed seedlings that did not receive Ca”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium reduced lipid peroxidation in salt-stressed seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- NaCl-stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A reduction in ROS by Ca led to reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage than the NaCl-stressed seedlings”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium reduced electrolyte leakage in salt-stressed seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- NaCl-stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A reduction in ROS by Ca led to reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage than the NaCl-stressed seedlings”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotaurine reversed the calcium-associated oxidative stress responses.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakagee1
- Comparator
- Cae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of HT exhibited a reverse trend in these parameters even in presence of Ca”
e1“lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotaurine had a nonsignificant effect on root calcium content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- root Ca contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a non-significant effect of HT on root Ca content”
t0“tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that calcium acts upstream of H2S to protect seedlings through nitrogen metabolism.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- protected the seedlings against NaCl-induced constrainse0
- Qualifier
- through regulating N metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it can be postulated that Ca, through regulating N metabolism, protected the seedlings against NaCl-induced constrains in H2S-dependent manner, and Ca functions upstream of H2S”
t0“tomato roots”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.