Abstract
Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops, has developed more complicated Al resistance mechanisms than others. By using forward genetic screening from a rice ethyl methanesulfonate mutant library, we obtained a mutant showing specifically high sensitivity to Al. Through MutMap analysis followed by a complementation test, we identified the causal gene, Al-related Protein Kinase (ArPK) for Al-sensitivity. ArPK expression was induced by a relatively longer exposure to high Al concentration in the roots. The result of RNA-sequencing indicated the functional disorder in arginine metabolism pathway with downregulation of N-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) expression and upregulation of Ornithine decarboxylase1 (ODC1) expression in arpk mutant. Al specifically and rapidly upregulated ODC1 expression and causes overaccumulation of putrescine (Put), whereas the ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithine reverted Al-sensitive phenotype of arpk, suggesting that overaccumulation of endogenous Put might be harmful for root growth, and that ArPK seems to act as an endogenous inhibitor of ODC1 action to maintain suitable endogenous Put level under Al treatment. Overall, we identified ArPK and its putative repressive role in controlling a novel ODC-dependent Put biosynthesis pathway specifically affecting rice Al resistance, thus enriching the fundamental understanding of plant Al resistance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
ArPK was identified as the causal gene for Al-sensitivity in a rice mutant.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae1 - Gene
- Al-related Protein Kinase (ArPK)e2
- Outcome
- Al-sensitivitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e2“we identified the causal gene, Al-related Protein Kinase (ArPK) for Al-sensitivity”
Claim · model-written summary
A relatively longer exposure to high Al concentration induced ArPK expression in rice roots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- a relatively longer exposure to high Al concentratione3
- Gene
- ArPKe3
- Outcome
- ArPK expressione3
- Direction
- inducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e3“ArPK expression was induced by a relatively longer exposure to high Al concentration in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
NAOD expression was downregulated in the rice arpk mutant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Material
- arpk mutante4
- Gene
- N-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD)e4
- Outcome
- N-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) expressione4
- Direction
- downregulatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e4“downregulation of N-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) expression and upregulation of Ornithine decarboxylase1 (ODC1) expression in arpk mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
ODC1 expression was upregulated in the rice arpk mutant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Material
- arpk mutante4
- Gene
- Ornithine decarboxylase1 (ODC1)e4
- Outcome
- Ornithine decarboxylase1 (ODC1) expressione4
- Direction
- upregulatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e4“downregulation of N-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) expression and upregulation of Ornithine decarboxylase1 (ODC1) expression in arpk mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-sequencing indicated a functional disorder in the arginine metabolism pathway in rice arpk.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- functional disorder in arginine metabolism pathwaye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e5“The result of RNA-sequencing indicated the functional disorder in arginine metabolism pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
Al rapidly upregulated ODC1 expression in rice.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e6“Al specifically and rapidly upregulated ODC1 expression and causes overaccumulation of putrescine (Put)”
Claim · model-written summary
Al caused overaccumulation of putrescine in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Ale6
- Outcome
- overaccumulation of putrescine (Put)e6
- Direction
- causes overaccumulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e6“Al specifically and rapidly upregulated ODC1 expression and causes overaccumulation of putrescine (Put)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithine reverted the Al-sensitive phenotype of the rice arpk mutant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Material
- arpke7
- Treatment
- the ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithinee7
- Outcome
- Al-sensitive phenotype of arpke7
- Direction
- revertede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e7“the ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithine reverted Al-sensitive phenotype of arpk”
Claim · model-written summary
Overaccumulation of endogenous putrescine might be harmful for rice root growth.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Compound
- Pute2
- Outcome
- root growthe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e2“overaccumulation of endogenous Put might be harmful for root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
ArPK seems to act as an endogenous inhibitor of ODC1 to maintain suitable endogenous putrescine levels under Al treatment in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Gene
- ArPKe2
- Compound
- Pute2
- Outcome
- suitable endogenous Put levele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice, as one of the most aluminium (Al)-resistant cereal crops”
e2“ArPK seems to act as an endogenous inhibitor of ODC1 action to maintain suitable endogenous Put level under Al treatment”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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