Abstract
Salinity stress has hindered the growth and yield of crops globally. The demands for inducing salt stress tolerance by natural and biological sources with potent antioxidants and growth-promoting metabolites have been the main focus of the recent era. Therefore, the current research was conducted to extract salt stress tolerance-ameliorating metabolites and growth-promoting hormones from the marine brown macroalgae Sargassum wightii Greville ex J. Agardh with maximum antioxidant potential used as a liquid fertilizer for okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.). In the current study, the biochemical analysis showed that Sargassum aqueous extract (SAE) was rich in growth-promoting metabolites, antioxidants, and hormones. Meanwhile, overaccumulation of glycine betaine attracted the focus of the current research dealing with salt stress tolerance amelioration in A. esculentus . The plants supplemented with SAE (2% and 4%) and 0.04% ascorbic acid (AsA) alone and in combinations were subjected to sodium salt stress (NaCl; 75 mM). Results revealed that SAE efficiently promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants by elevating the growth-promoting metabolites and hormones in comparison to control plants. Ionic contents (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ ) and ratios (K + /Na + , Mg 2+ /Na + , and Ca 2+ /Na + ) were modulated in SAE-treated plants. SAE also increased the level of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, and proline and decreased the level of hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid in salt-treated plants compared with the control groups. Enzymatic activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase were also enhanced by SAE treatment upon salt stress. The SAE-mediated stress tolerance amelioration and the positive growth response of A. esculentus were further accelerated by AsA (0.04%) supplementation used in combination with SAE (2% and 4%). The current study revealed a novel report of the antioxidant and metabolite-rich algal extract ( S. wightii ) formulation along with AsA that induced salt stress tolerance and promoted the overall growth performance of A. esculentus by rebalancing the ionic and metabolic status.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The algal extract contained growth-promoting metabolites, antioxidants and hormones.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentuse0 - Outcome
- growth-promoting metabolites, antioxidants, and hormonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“Sargassum aqueous extract (SAE) was rich in growth-promoting metabolites, antioxidants, and hormones.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract elevated vegetative and reproductive growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAEe1
- Outcome
- vegetative and reproductive growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“SAE efficiently promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants by elevating the growth-promoting metabolites and hormones in comparison to control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract elevated growth-promoting metabolites and hormones.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAEe1
- Outcome
- growth-promoting metabolites and hormonese1
- Direction
- elevatinge1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“SAE efficiently promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants by elevating the growth-promoting metabolites and hormones in comparison to control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract modulated ionic contents and ratios.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAE-treatede1
- Outcome
- Ionic contents (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ ) and ratios (K + /Na + , Mg 2+ /Na + , and Ca 2+ /Na + )e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“Ionic contents (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ ) and ratios (K + /Na + , Mg 2+ /Na + , and Ca 2+ /Na + ) were modulated in SAE-treated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract increased carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in salt-treated okra.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAEe1
- Outcome
- carbohydrates, proteins, lipidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control groupse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“SAE also increased the level of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, and proline and decreased the level of hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid in salt-treated plants compared with the control groups.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract increased carotenoids and proline in salt-treated okra.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAEe1
- Outcome
- carotenoids, and prolinee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control groupse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“SAE also increased the level of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, and proline and decreased the level of hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid in salt-treated plants compared with the control groups.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract decreased hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid in salt-treated okra.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAEe1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acide1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- control groupse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“SAE also increased the level of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, and proline and decreased the level of hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid in salt-treated plants compared with the control groups.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extract enhanced catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SAE treatmente1
- Outcome
- Enzymatic activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“Enzymatic activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase were also enhanced by SAE treatment upon salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid with algal extract further improved salt tolerance and growth.
- Taxon
- Abelmoschus esculentusAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- AsA (0.04%) supplementation used in combination with SAE (2% and 4%)e1
- Outcome
- stress tolerance amelioration and the positive growth responsee1
- Direction
- further acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“The SAE-mediated stress tolerance amelioration and the positive growth response of A. esculentus were further accelerated by AsA (0.04%) supplementation used in combination with SAE (2% and 4%).”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.