Abstract
The vegetative-to-reproductive transition requires the complex, coordinated activities of many transcriptional regulators. Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant, flowers early under SD (≤10 h light/day) and late under long-day (LD; ≥14 h light/day) conditions. Here, we demonstrate that rice LATE FLOWERING SEMI-DWARF (LFS) encodes an APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor that promotes flowering under non-inductive LD conditions. LFS showed diurnal expression peaking at dawn, and transcript levels increased gradually until heading. Mutation of LFS delayed flowering under LD but not SD conditions. Expression of the LD-specific floral repressor gene LEAFY COTYLEDON2 AND FUSCA3-LIKE 1 (OsLFL1) was upregulated in lfs knockout mutants, and LFS bound directly to the GCC-rich motif in the OsLFL1 promoter, repressing OsLFL1 expression. This suggests that increased LFS activity during vegetative growth gradually attenuates OsLFL1 activity. Subsequent increases in Early heading date 1, Heading date 3a, and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 expression result in flowering under non-inductive LD conditions. LFS did not affect the expression of other OsLFL1 regulators, including OsMADS50, OsMADS56, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 2, and GERMINATION DEFECTIVE 1, or interact with them. Our results demonstrate the novel roles of LFS in inducing flowering under natural LD conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation of LFS delayed flowering under long-day conditions.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Mutation of LFSe1
- Outcome
- floweringe1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Qualifier
- under LDe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e1“Mutation of LFS delayed flowering under LD but not SD conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation of LFS did not change flowering under short-day conditions.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Mutation of LFSe1
- Outcome
- floweringe1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Qualifier
- SD conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e1“Mutation of LFS delayed flowering under LD but not SD conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
LFS transcript showed diurnal expression peaking at dawn and increased gradually until heading in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- LFSe2
- Outcome
- diurnal expressione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e2“LFS showed diurnal expression peaking at dawn, and transcript levels increased gradually until heading”
Claim · model-written summary
OsLFL1 expression was upregulated in lfs knockout mutants of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- lfs knockout mutantse3
- Gene
- OsLFL1e3
- Outcome
- Expressione3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e3“Expression of the LD-specific floral repressor gene LEAFY COTYLEDON2 AND FUSCA3-LIKE 1 (OsLFL1) was upregulated in lfs knockout mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
LFS binds directly to the GCC-rich motif in the OsLFL1 promoter and represses OsLFL1 expression in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- LFSe4
- Outcome
- OsLFL1 expressione4
- Qualifier
- bound directly to the GCC-rich motif in the OsLFL1 promotere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e4“LFS bound directly to the GCC-rich motif in the OsLFL1 promoter, repressing OsLFL1 expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased expression of Early heading date 1, Heading date 3a and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 results in flowering under non-inductive long days in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- Early heading date 1e5
- Outcome
- flowering under non-inductive LD conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e5“Subsequent increases in Early heading date 1, Heading date 3a, and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 expression result in flowering under non-inductive LD conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
LFS did not affect expression of other OsLFL1 regulators, nor interact with them, in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- LFSe6
- Outcome
- expression of other OsLFL1 regulatorse6
- Direction
- did not affecte6
- Qualifier
- or interact with theme6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant”
e6“LFS did not affect the expression of other OsLFL1 regulators, including OsMADS50, OsMADS56, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 2, and GERMINATION DEFECTIVE 1, or interact with them”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.