Abstract
This investigation presents a novel finding showing the effect of culture filtrates (CFs) of macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, against Meloidogyne incognita evaluated in vitro and in planta. To determine the nematicidal activity, juveniles of M. incognita were exposed to Ganoderma CFs of three different ages (Two, four and eight weeks old) of pileus and stipe at different concentrations, i.e., 100%, 50%, 10% and 1% for different time intervals (12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Ganoderma species were examined morphologically based on external appearance and analytically using SEM. The ethanolic samples of basidiocarp were prepared and analyzed for in vitro nematicidal assay and different bioactive compounds. The in vitro experiment results revealed that among all three ages of pileus and stipe, two-week-old pileus and stipe exhibited great nematotoxic potency and caused 83.8% and 73.8% juveniles’ mortality at 100% concentration after 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Similarly, the two-week-old pileus and stipe showed the highest egg hatching inhibition of 89.2% and 81.0% at the 100% concentration after five days. The eight-week-old pileus and stipe were not more effective than the two- and four-week-old pileus and stipe. The metabolites were characterized using GC-MS, including sugar alcohol, steroids, silanes, glucosides, pyrones, ester, oleic acid, phthalic acid, linoleic acid, palmitates and ketones. The in planta study conducted in the greenhouse demonstrated that the root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFs curtailed the infection level of M. incognita and promoted the eggplant plant growth. The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters. It was concluded from the study that Ganoderma CFs can be explored as an effective and eco-friendly antinemic biocontrol agent in fields infected with root-knot nematodes.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Two-week-old pileus filtrate produced 83.8% juveniles’ mortality.
- Taxon
- Eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Organ / stage
- pileuse0
- Outcome
- juveniles’ mortalitye0
- Value
- 83.8%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro experiment results revealed that among all three ages of pileus and stipe, two-week-old pileus and stipe exhibited great nematotoxic potency and caused 83.8% and 73.8% juveniles’ mortality at 100% concentration after 72 h of exposure time, respectively.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-week-old stipe filtrate produced 73.8% juveniles’ mortality.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Organ / stage
- stipee0
- Outcome
- juveniles’ mortalitye0
- Value
- 73.8%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro experiment results revealed that among all three ages of pileus and stipe, two-week-old pileus and stipe exhibited great nematotoxic potency and caused 83.8% and 73.8% juveniles’ mortality at 100% concentration after 72 h of exposure time, respectively.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-week-old pileus filtrate produced 89.2% egg hatching inhibition.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Organ / stage
- pileuse0
- Outcome
- egg hatching inhibitione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 89.2%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, the two-week-old pileus and stipe showed the highest egg hatching inhibition of 89.2% and 81.0% at the 100% concentration after five days.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-week-old stipe filtrate produced 81.0% egg hatching inhibition.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Organ / stage
- stipee0
- Outcome
- egg hatching inhibitione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 81.0%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, the two-week-old pileus and stipe showed the highest egg hatching inhibition of 89.2% and 81.0% at the 100% concentration after five days.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma filtrate root dip reduced nematode infection.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFse0
- Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0 - Outcome
- infection level of M. incognitae0
- Direction
- curtailede0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
GanodermaNot reportedInteractor roleSecond interactor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The in planta study conducted in the greenhouse demonstrated that the root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFs curtailed the infection level of M. incognita and promoted the eggplant plant growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma filtrate root dip promoted eggplant growth.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFse0
- Outcome
- eggplant plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in planta study conducted in the greenhouse demonstrated that the root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFs curtailed the infection level of M. incognita and promoted the eggplant plant growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% filtrate, plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight showed the reported maximum response.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- 100% conc. of fungus CFse0
- Outcome
- plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- maximum percent increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% filtrate, total chlorophyll, carotenoids showed the reported maximum response.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- 100% conc. of fungus CFse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- maximum percent increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% filtrate, yield/plant showed the reported maximum response.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- 100% conc. of fungus CFse0
- Outcome
- yield/plante0
- Direction
- maximum percent increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters.”
t0“Eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% filtrate, nematode infestation parameters showed the reported maximum response.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- 100% conc. of fungus CFse0
- Outcome
- nematode infestation parameterse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters.”
t0“Eggplant”
The same questions in other papers
pathogen product · pest · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →pathogen product · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.