Abstract
Factors influencing dicamba drift, especially vapor drift, were examined in field and growth chamber studies. In field experiments, potted soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. exposed to vapors arising from corn ( Zea mays L.) foliarly treated with the sodium (Na), dimethylamine (DMA), diethanolamine (DEOA), or N -tallow- N,N 1 , N 1 -trimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (TA) salts of dicamba (3,6-dichloro- o -anisic acid), developed dicamba injury symptoms. Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days after the application. Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind of the treated corn. When vapor and/or spray drift caused soybean terminal bud kill, yields were reduced. In growth chamber studies, dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature or increasing the relative humidity. Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization. The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) leaves and blotter paper. The volatilization of dicamba formulations varied in growth chamber comparisons with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatile. However, under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans. The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acid.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soybeans exposed to vapors arising from dicamba-treated corn developed dicamba injury symptoms in field experiments.
- Taxon
- potted soybeanse1
- Treatment
- vapors arising from corne3
- Outcome
- dicamba injury symptomse2
- Setting
- field experimentse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“In field experiments, potted soybeans”
e2“developed dicamba injury symptoms”
e3“vapors arising from corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe4 - Outcome
- Dicamba volatilizatione4
- Value
- 3 dayse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- Dicamba vaporse5
- Outcome
- symptomse5
- Value
- up to 60me5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor and/or spray drift that caused soybean terminal bud kill reduced soybean yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- vapor and/or spray drifte6
- Outcome
- yieldse6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“When vapor and/or spray drift caused soybean terminal bud kill, yields were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
In growth chamber studies, lowering the temperature reduced dicamba volatility effects on soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- lowering the temperaturee7
- Outcome
- dicamba volatility effectse7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Setting
- growth chamber studiese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature”
e4“In growth chamber studies”
Claim · model-written summary
In growth chamber studies, increasing the relative humidity reduced dicamba volatility effects on soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- increasing the relative humiditye5
- Outcome
- dicamba volatility effectse7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Setting
- growth chamber studiese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature”
e4“In growth chamber studies”
e5“or increasing the relative humidity”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse4 - Treatment
- Rainfall of 1mm or moree4
- Outcome
- dicamba volatilizatione4
- Direction
- endede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba volatilization was greater from corn leaves than from velvetleaf leaves and blotter paper.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Outcome
- dicamba volatilizatione4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) leaves and blotter papere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) leaves and blotter paper”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba volatilization was greater from soybean leaves than from velvetleaf leaves and blotter paper.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Outcome
- dicamba volatilizatione4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) leaves and blotter papere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) leaves and blotter paper”
Claim · model-written summary
The volatilization of dicamba formulations differed, with the acid most volatile and the inorganic salts least volatile.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- dicamba formulationse4
- Outcome
- volatilizatione4
- Qualifier
- with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatilee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“vapors arising from corn”
e4“The volatilization of dicamba formulations varied in growth chamber comparisons with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatile”
Claim · model-written summary
Under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- use of less volatile formulationse4
- Outcome
- dicamba symptomse4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Setting
- field conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified as free dicamba acid.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Outcome
- volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicambae4
- Qualifier
- identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acide4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“vapors arising from corn”
e4“The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acid”
The same questions in other papers
rainfall · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
humidity · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →application · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
71 papers in the same direction as this paper · 332 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
400 papers more in this group
See all 404 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.