Abstract
Concerns about the soil salinity caused by excessive fertilization have prompted scientists to clarify the detailed mechanisms and find techniques to alleviate the damage caused by this kind of soil salinity. Aims of this study were to elucidate the effect of soil salinity caused by nitrate fertilization and the differences in salinity effect between nitrate salts and NaCl salt with analyses at various levels of crop physiology and molecular biology. A microbial inoculation was also tried to verify whether it could alleviate the salinity-induced loss and damages. In three experiments (Exp I, II and III), nitrate salts (NS) of Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 were applied to potted tomato plants to simulate the soil salinity caused by fertilization and a microbial inoculant (MI) was applied. Photosynthesis was measured using Li-6400. Osmotic adjustment was analyzed using the mathematically modeled pressure-volume curve; O2- concentration and activity of SOD and nitrate reductase were measured. Expression of nitrate reductase gene and the stress-responsive gene DREB2 was analyzed using the real-time PCR method. In Exp I and II, where the applied NS amount was moderate, NS application at low concentration induced increases in O2- and MDA concentrations and plants acclimated to the soil salinity as the treatment prolonged for weeks. The acclimation was contributed by osmotic adjustment, activation of SOD and re-compartmentation of cell water between symplasm and apoplasm. These adjustments might be ultimately attributed to up-regulation of stress-responsive genes such as DREB2 as well as the nitrate reductase (NR) gene. However, in Exp III, applications of NaCl and NS at high concentration could not show positive effects as NS did. Application of MI synergistically increased the xerophytophysiological regulation caused by NS and alleviated the salinity damage in addition to its own positive effects on the tomato plants. Different from NaCl, nitrate salts at low application rate increased the total biomass and fruit yield of tomato and induced up-regulation expression of stress-responsive genes and the consequent active osmotic adjustment. However, nitrate application at high level negatively affected tomato plants irrespective of the gene up-regulations. Application of MI alleviated the salinity damage and synergistically increased the xerophytophysiological regulation caused by the soil salinity in addition to its positive effects on the tomato crop but the detailed mechanisms needed to be clarified in future further studies. Keywords: nitrate fertilizer, osmotic adjustment, salinity stress, soil salinization, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum); xerophytophysiology, microorganism, bioremediation DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181103.2952 Citation: Chang T T, Zhang Y J, Xu H L, Shao X H, Xu Q C, Li F L, et al. Osmotic adjustment and up-regulation expression of stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 126–136.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration nitrate salt application in Exp I and II increased O2- and MDA concentrations in tomato under soil salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- NS application at low concentratione0
- Outcome
- O2- and MDA concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- where the applied NS amount was moderatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“where the applied NS amount was moderate, NS application at low concentration induced increases in O2- and MDA concentrations”
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants acclimated to soil salinity as the low-concentration nitrate salt treatment prolonged for weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NS application at low concentratione0
- Outcome
- plants acclimated to the soil salinitye1
- Qualifier
- as the treatment prolonged for weekse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
e0“NS application at low concentration”
e1“plants acclimated to the soil salinity as the treatment prolonged for weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Acclimation of tomato to soil salinity was contributed by osmotic adjustment, activation of SOD and re-compartmentation of cell water between symplasm and apoplasm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SODe2
- Outcome
- acclimatione2
- Qualifier
- osmotic adjustmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
e2“The acclimation was contributed by osmotic adjustment, activation of SOD and re-compartmentation of cell water between symplasm and apoplasm”
Claim · model-written summary
The acclimation adjustments may be attributed to up-regulation of the stress-responsive gene DREB2 and the nitrate reductase gene.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- DREB2e3
- Outcome
- adjustmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
e3“These adjustments might be ultimately attributed to up-regulation of stress-responsive genes such as DREB2 as well as the nitrate reductase (NR) gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Applications of NaCl and high-concentration nitrate salt did not show positive effects on tomato, unlike low-concentration nitrate salt.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- applications of NaCl and NS at high concentratione4
- Outcome
- positive effectse4
- Comparator
- NSe4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
e4“in Exp III, applications of NaCl and NS at high concentration could not show positive effects as NS did”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of the microbial inoculant synergistically increased the xerophytophysiological regulation caused by nitrate salt in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of MIe5
- Interactor
- microbial inoculante6symbiont
- Outcome
- xerophytophysiological regulatione5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
e5“Application of MI synergistically increased the xerophytophysiological regulation caused by NS”
e6“a microbial inoculant (MI) was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of the microbial inoculant alleviated salinity damage in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of MIe7
- Interactor
- microbial inoculante6symbiont
- Outcome
- salinity damagee7
- Direction
- alleviatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress-responsive genes in tomato induced by soil salinity resulted from nitrate fertilization”
e7“Application of MI alleviated the salinity damage”
e6“a microbial inoculant (MI) was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Low application rate of nitrate salts increased total biomass and fruit yield of tomato, unlike NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nitrate salts at low application ratee0
- Outcome
- total biomass and fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different from NaCl, nitrate salts at low application rate increased the total biomass and fruit yield of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low application rate of nitrate salts induced up-regulation of stress-responsive gene expression in tomato, unlike NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nitrate salts at low application ratee0
- Gene
- stress-responsive genese1
- Outcome
- expression of stress-responsive genese1
- Direction
- up-regulatione1
- Comparator
- NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different from NaCl, nitrate salts at low application rate increased the total biomass and fruit yield of tomato”
e1“induced up-regulation expression of stress-responsive genes and the consequent active osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Low application rate of nitrate salts induced active osmotic adjustment in tomato, unlike NaCl.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nitrate salts at low application ratee0
- Outcome
- active osmotic adjustmente1
- Direction
- inducede1
- Comparator
- NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different from NaCl, nitrate salts at low application rate increased the total biomass and fruit yield of tomato”
e1“induced up-regulation expression of stress-responsive genes and the consequent active osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
High-level nitrate application negatively affected tomato plants irrespective of gene up-regulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- nitrate application at high levele2
- Outcome
- tomato plantse2
- Direction
- negatively affectede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“nitrate application at high level negatively affected tomato plants irrespective of the gene up-regulations”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · organism · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →inoculation · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.