Abstract
Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.), producers in the North Central states because it can cause yield loss and reduce seed quality by induction of seed coat mottling. The main vector of BPMV is the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster). An experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 at two locations in northwestern and central Iowa to test three insecticide treatments for suppression of bean leaf beetles, and subsequently, BPMV. Treatments of insecticide applications with lambda-cyhalothrin were 1) a single early-season application (23 g [AI]/ha) (2.5 oz/acre) at the VE–VC soybean developmental stage; 2) two early-season applications, the first the same as treatment 1 and a second at the same rate 9–13 d later; 3) a single early-season application the same as treatment 1, followed by a mid-season application (28 g [AI]/ha (3.2 oz/acre) at approximately R2 (flowering, near 15 July); and 4) an unsprayed control. Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergence and again as first-generation bean leaf beetles emerged in northwestern Iowa in 2000 (treatment 3) significantly reduced beetle densities through mid-season, BPMV field incidence by 31.5%, and seed coat mottling by 31.2%, compared with the unsprayed control. Similar effects were measured at the same location when insecticide was applied twice at early season (treatment 2). Yield was 453.7 kg/ha (6.74 bu/acre) greater in treatment 2 and 525.20 kg/ha (7.80 bu/acre) greater in treatment 3 than in the unsprayed control at the northwestern site in 2000. At both locations in 2001 fewer treatment effects were observed, which was likely related to lower beetle populations in that year. Early-season insecticide sprays targeted at overwintered beetles on VC–VE reduced the initial population of vector insects and may have contributed to a lower first-generation population because of reduced overwintered beetle oviposition. In 1 year at one location there was a benefit to an additional mid-season insecticide spray, although effectiveness of spraying at this time could vary based on the magnitude of the vector population.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergence (treatment 3) significantly reduced bean leaf beetle densities through mid-season compared with the unsprayed control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergencee5
- Interactor
- bean leaf beetlese5pest
- Outcome
- beetle densitiese5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- through mid-seasone5
- Comparator
- unsprayed controle6
- Setting
- northwestern Iowa in 2000e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e5“Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergence and again as first-generation bean leaf beetles emerged in northwestern Iowa in 2000 (treatment 3) significantly reduced beetle densities through mid-season, BPMV field incidence by 31.5%, and seed coat mottling by 31.2%”
e6“compared with the unsprayed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda-cyhalothrin treatment 3 significantly reduced BPMV field incidence in soybean by 31.5% compared with the unsprayed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergencee5
- Interactor
- BPMVBean pod mottle viruse5pathogen
- Second interactor
- bean leaf beetlese5pest
- Outcome
- BPMV field incidencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 31.5%e5
- Comparator
- unsprayed controle6
- Setting
- northwestern Iowa in 2000e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e5“Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergence and again as first-generation bean leaf beetles emerged in northwestern Iowa in 2000 (treatment 3) significantly reduced beetle densities through mid-season, BPMV field incidence by 31.5%, and seed coat mottling by 31.2%”
e6“compared with the unsprayed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda-cyhalothrin treatment 3 significantly reduced seed coat mottling in soybean by 31.2% compared with the unsprayed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seed coate5
- Treatment
- Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergencee5
- Interactor
- BPMVBean pod mottle viruse5pathogen
- Second interactor
- bean leaf beetlese5pest
- Outcome
- seed coat mottlinge5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 31.2%e5
- Comparator
- unsprayed controle6
- Setting
- northwestern Iowa in 2000e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e5“Application of lambda-cyhalothrin after soybean emergence and again as first-generation bean leaf beetles emerged in northwestern Iowa in 2000 (treatment 3) significantly reduced beetle densities through mid-season, BPMV field incidence by 31.5%, and seed coat mottling by 31.2%”
e6“compared with the unsprayed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide applied twice early in the season gave similar effects to treatment 3 at the same location.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- insecticide was applied twice at early seasone7
- Outcome
- effectse7
- Direction
- Similare7
- Setting
- the same locatione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e7“Similar effects were measured at the same location when insecticide was applied twice at early season (treatment 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment 2 (two early-season lambda-cyhalothrin applications) gave 453.7 kg/ha more soybean yield than the unsprayed control at the northwestern site in 2000.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- two early-season applicationse4
- Outcome
- Yielde7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Value
- 453.7 kg/ha (6.74 bu/acre)e7
- Comparator
- unsprayed controle7
- Setting
- northwestern site in 2000e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e4“two early-season applications, the first the same as treatment 1”
e7“Yield was 453.7 kg/ha (6.74 bu/acre) greater in treatment 2 and 525.20 kg/ha (7.80 bu/acre) greater in treatment 3 than in the unsprayed control at the northwestern site in 2000”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment 3 (single early-season application plus mid-season application) gave 525.20 kg/ha more soybean yield than the unsprayed control at the northwestern site in 2000.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- a single early-season application the same as treatment 1, followed by a mid-season applicatione3
- Outcome
- Yielde7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Value
- 525.20 kg/ha (7.80 bu/acre)e7
- Comparator
- unsprayed controle7
- Setting
- northwestern site in 2000e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e3“a single early-season application the same as treatment 1, followed by a mid-season application”
e7“Yield was 453.7 kg/ha (6.74 bu/acre) greater in treatment 2 and 525.20 kg/ha (7.80 bu/acre) greater in treatment 3 than in the unsprayed control at the northwestern site in 2000”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-season insecticide sprays on overwintered beetles reduced the initial population of vector insects.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Early-season insecticide sprayse1
- Interactor
- overwintered beetlese1pest
- Outcome
- initial population of vector insectse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e1“Early-season insecticide sprays targeted at overwintered beetles on VC–VE reduced the initial population of vector insects”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-season sprays may have contributed to a lower first-generation soybean vector population.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- first-generation populatione2
- Qualifier
- may have contributede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e2“may have contributed to a lower first-generation population”
Claim · model-written summary
An additional mid-season insecticide spray gave a benefit in one year at one location, with effectiveness that could vary with vector population magnitude.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- an additional mid-season insecticide spraye2
- Outcome
- benefite2
- Qualifier
- could vary based on the magnitude of the vector populatione2
- Setting
- one locatione2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e2“In 1 year at one location there was a benefit to an additional mid-season insecticide spray, although effectiveness of spraying at this time could vary based on the magnitude of the vector population”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001 at both locations fewer insecticide treatment effects were observed, likely related to lower beetle populations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- treatment effectse3
- Direction
- fewere3
- Qualifier
- likely related to lower beetle populations in that yeare3
- Setting
- both locations in 2001e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is a management concern for soybean, Glycine max (L.)”
e3“At both locations in 2001 fewer treatment effects were observed, which was likely related to lower beetle populations in that year”
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