Abstract
This work demonstrates the use of low-energy ultrasound (US) to enhance secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures. Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US (power density ≤113.9 mW/cm3) for short periods (1–8 min). The US exposure significantly stimulated the shikonin biosynthesis of the cells, and at certain US doses, increased the volumetric shikonin yield by about 60%–70%. Meanwhile, the shikonin excreted from the cells was increased from 20% to 65%–70%, due partially to an increase in the cell membrane permeability by sonication. With combined use of US treatment and in situ product extraction by an organic solvent, or the two-phase culture, the volumetric shikonin yield was increased more than two- to threefold. Increasing in the number of US exposures during the culture process usually resulted in negative effects on shikonin yield but slight stimulation of shikonin excretion. US at relatively high energy levels caused slight cell growth depression (maximum 9% decrease in dry cell weight). Two key enzymes for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis of cells, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase, were found to be stimulated by the US. The US stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was attributed to the metabolic activity of cells activated by US, and more specifically, the defense responses of plant cells to the mechanical stress of US irradiation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 81–88, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10180
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Low-energy ultrasound exposure significantly stimulated shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon suspension cells.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Lithospermum erythrorhizont0 - Treatment
- US exposuree0
- Outcome
- shikonin biosynthesise0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“The US exposure significantly stimulated the shikonin biosynthesis of the cells”
Claim · model-written summary
At certain ultrasound doses the volumetric shikonin yield rose by about 60%–70%.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- US dosese0
- Outcome
- volumetric shikonin yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 60%–70%e0
- Qualifier
- at certain US dosese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“at certain US doses, increased the volumetric shikonin yield by about 60%–70%”
Claim · model-written summary
The share of shikonin excreted from the cells rose from 20% to 65%–70%.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Outcome
- shikonin excreted from the cellse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- from 20% to 65%–70%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“the shikonin excreted from the cells was increased from 20% to 65%–70%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the increased shikonin excretion partly to higher cell membrane permeability caused by sonication.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- sonicatione0
- Outcome
- shikonin excreted from the cellse0
- Qualifier
- increase in the cell membrane permeabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“the shikonin excreted from the cells was increased from 20% to 65%–70%, due partially to an increase in the cell membrane permeability by sonication”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining ultrasound with in situ organic-solvent extraction (two-phase culture) increased volumetric shikonin yield more than two- to threefold.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- combined use of US treatment and in situ product extraction by an organic solvente0
- Outcome
- volumetric shikonin yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than two- to threefolde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“With combined use of US treatment and in situ product extraction by an organic solvent, or the two-phase culture, the volumetric shikonin yield was increased more than two- to threefold”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the number of ultrasound exposures during culture usually had negative effects on shikonin yield.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- Increasing in the number of US exposurese0
- Outcome
- shikonin yielde0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“Increasing in the number of US exposures during the culture process usually resulted in negative effects on shikonin yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the number of ultrasound exposures slightly stimulated shikonin excretion.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- Increasing in the number of US exposurese0
- Outcome
- shikonin excretione1
- Direction
- stimulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“Increasing in the number of US exposures”
e1“slight stimulation of shikonin excretion”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound at relatively high energy levels caused slight cell growth depression, with at most a 9% decrease in dry cell weight.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- US at relatively high energy levelse0
- Outcome
- dry cell weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“US at relatively high energy levels caused slight cell growth depression (maximum 9% decrease in dry cell weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase, two key enzymes of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, were stimulated by ultrasound.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- the USe0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferasee0
- Outcome
- Two key enzymes for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis of cellse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“Two key enzymes for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis of cells, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase, were found to be stimulated by the US”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the ultrasound stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis to cell metabolic activity activated by ultrasound, specifically defense responses to the mechanical stress of irradiation.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizont0
- Treatment
- USe0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolite biosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- defense responses of plant cells to the mechanical stress of US irradiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lithospermum erythrorhizon”
e0“The US stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was attributed to the metabolic activity of cells activated by US, and more specifically, the defense responses of plant cells to the mechanical stress of US irradiation”
The same questions in other papers
physical treatment · molecular: metabolites · Lithospermum erythrorhizonResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
physical treatment · yield · Lithospermum erythrorhizonResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
physical treatment · physiology: enzyme activity · Lithospermum erythrorhizonResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.