Abstract
This work demonstrates the use of low-energy ultrasound (US) to enhance secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures. Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US (power density < or = 113.9 mW/cm(3)) for short periods (1-8 min). The US exposure significantly stimulated the shikonin biosynthesis of the cells, and at certain US doses, increased the volumetric shikonin yield by about 60%-70%. Meanwhile, the shikonin excreted from the cells was increased from 20% to 65%-70%, due partially to an increase in the cell membrane permeability by sonication. With combined use of US treatment and in situ product extraction by an organic solvent, or the two-phase culture, the volumetric shikonin yield was increased more than two- to threefold. Increasing in the number of US exposures during the culture process usually resulted in negative effects on shikonin yield but slight stimulation of shikonin excretion. US at relatively high energy levels caused slight cell growth depression (maximum 9% decrease in dry cell weight). Two key enzymes for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis of cells, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase, were found to be stimulated by the US. The US stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was attributed to the metabolic activity of cells activated by US, and more specifically, the defense responses of plant cells to the mechanical stress of US irradiation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Low-power ultrasound exposure significantly stimulated shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Lithospermum erythrorhizone2 - Material
- Lithospermum erythrorhizon cellse2
- Treatment
- US exposuree1
- Compound
- shikonine1
- Outcome
- shikonin biosynthesise1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The US exposure significantly stimulated the shikonin biosynthesis of the cells”
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound at certain doses increased the volumetric shikonin yield by about 60%-70%.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- US dosese3
- Compound
- shikonine3
- Outcome
- volumetric shikonin yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 60%-70%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e3“at certain US doses, increased the volumetric shikonin yield by about 60%-70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound exposure increased the shikonin excreted from the cells from 20% to 65%-70%.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- US exposuree1
- Compound
- shikonine4
- Outcome
- shikonin excreted from the cellse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- from 20% to 65%-70%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The US exposure significantly stimulated the shikonin biosynthesis of the cells”
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e4“the shikonin excreted from the cells was increased from 20% to 65%-70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined ultrasound with in situ solvent extraction or two-phase culture increased the volumetric shikonin yield more than two- to threefold.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- combined use of US treatment and in situ product extraction by an organic solvente6
- Compound
- shikonine5
- Outcome
- volumetric shikonin yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- more than two- to threefolde5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e5“or the two-phase culture, the volumetric shikonin yield was increased more than two- to threefold”
e6“With combined use of US treatment and in situ product extraction by an organic solvent”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the number of ultrasound exposures usually had negative effects on shikonin yield.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- number of US exposurese7
- Compound
- shikonine7
- Outcome
- shikonin yielde7
- Direction
- negative effectse7
- Qualifier
- usuallye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e7“Increasing in the number of US exposures during the culture process usually resulted in negative effects on shikonin yield but slight stimulation of shikonin excretion”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the number of ultrasound exposures slightly stimulated shikonin excretion.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- number of US exposurese7
- Compound
- shikonine7
- Outcome
- shikonin excretione7
- Direction
- slight stimulatione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e7“Increasing in the number of US exposures during the culture process usually resulted in negative effects on shikonin yield but slight stimulation of shikonin excretion”
Claim · model-written summary
High-energy ultrasound caused a slight decrease in dry cell weight (maximum 9%).
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- US at relatively high energy levelse3
- Outcome
- dry cell weighte3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 9%e3
- Qualifier
- maximume3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e3“US at relatively high energy levels caused slight cell growth depression (maximum 9% decrease in dry cell weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound stimulated phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- the USe3
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferasee3
- Outcome
- Two key enzymes for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis of cellse3
- Direction
- stimulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e3“Two key enzymes for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis of cells, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and p-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase, were found to be stimulated by the US”
Claim · model-written summary
The ultrasound stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis is attributed to defense responses of the cells to mechanical stress.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Treatment
- USe3
- Outcome
- The US stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesise3
- Qualifier
- the defense responses of plant cells to the mechanical stress of US irradiatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e3“The US stimulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was attributed to the metabolic activity of cells activated by US, and more specifically, the defense responses of plant cells to the mechanical stress of US irradiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound-induced increase in cell membrane permeability partly explains the increased shikonin excretion.
- Taxon
- Lithospermum erythrorhizonLithospermum erythrorhizone2
- Compound
- shikonine4
- Outcome
- shikonin excreted from the cellse4
- Qualifier
- an increase in the cell membrane permeability by sonicatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was exposed to low-power US”
e4“the shikonin excreted from the cells was increased from 20% to 65%-70%”
e5“due partially to an increase in the cell membrane permeability by sonication”
The same questions in other papers
physical treatment · molecular: metabolites · Lithospermum erythrorhizonResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
physical treatment · yield · Lithospermum erythrorhizonResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
physical treatment · physiology: enzyme activity · Lithospermum erythrorhizonResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.