Abstract
In order to explore the optimum amount of nitrogen application in different sowing methods of winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted at Wenxi experimental site of Shanxi Agriculture University (2017-2018), The two sowing methods were (I) Wide Space Sowing (WSS), and (II) Drilling Sowing (DS) with seven nitrogen treatments: 0 kg.hm 90 kghm -2 , 180 kghm -2 , 210 kg hm -2 , 240 kg hm - 2 , 270 kg hm -2 and 300 kg hm -2 . (WSS) significantly increased the number of spikes yield and number of kernels per spike, nitrogen rate which ultimately increased the yield. The yield was the highest at 240 kghm -2 and 210 kghm -2 , respectively. Nitrogen application significantly increased the Net Photosynthesis Rate (Pn), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) and decreased the stomatal conductance (Gs) of post-anthesis flag leaves. Wide space sowing wheat with N240 was the best. Compared with other nitrogen application rates, (WSS) with the nitrogen of 240 kg hm -2 increased nitrogen accumulation in all growth stage while nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency were the highest at 90 kghm -2 and lowest at 300 kghm -2 . The accumulation of soluble sugar in the middle and late stages increased and the sucrose content and starch content increased in each period after anthesis. The content of each protein component increased the albumin which was the highest at 240 kghm -2 and the globulin was the highest at 270 kghm -2 . The prolamin and glutenin (storage protein) were the highest at 300 kghm -2 and in 240 kghm -2 . The protein content at 300 kghm -2 , and protein yield at 240 kghm -2 were significantly improved compared to other nitrogen application rates. The sedimentation value, falling value, formation time, development time, wet gluten and the gluten index increased and the water absorption rate was relatively stable as nitrogen fertilizer increased.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Wide space sowing (WSS) significantly increased the number of spikes and the number of kernels per spike
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEAT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- WSSe1
- Outcome
- number of spikes yield and number of kernels per spikee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e1“(WSS) significantly increased the number of spikes yield and number of kernels per spike, nitrogen rate which ultimately increased the yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was highest at 240 kg/hm2 nitrogen
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 240 kghm -2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e2“The yield was the highest at 240 kghm -2 and 210 kghm -2 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was highest at 210 kg/hm2 nitrogen
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 210 kghm -2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e2“The yield was the highest at 240 kghm -2 and 210 kghm -2 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased net photosynthesis rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate of post-anthesis flag leaves
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- post-anthesis flag leavese3
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applicatione3
- Outcome
- Net Photosynthesis Rate (Pn), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e3“Nitrogen application significantly increased the Net Photosynthesis Rate (Pn), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) and decreased the stomatal conductance (Gs) of post-anthesis flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly decreased stomatal conductance of post-anthesis flag leaves
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- post-anthesis flag leavese3
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applicatione3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (Gs)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e3“Nitrogen application significantly increased the Net Photosynthesis Rate (Pn), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) and decreased the stomatal conductance (Gs) of post-anthesis flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide space sowing wheat with N240 was the best treatment
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Wide space sowing wheat with N240e4
- Outcome
- the beste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e4“Wide space sowing wheat with N240 was the best”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide space sowing with 240 kg/hm2 nitrogen increased nitrogen accumulation at all growth stages compared with other nitrogen rates
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- all growth stagee5
- Treatment
- (WSS) with the nitrogen of 240 kg hm -2e5
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen application ratese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e5“Compared with other nitrogen application rates, (WSS) with the nitrogen of 240 kg hm -2 increased nitrogen accumulation in all growth stage while nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency were the highest at 90 kghm -2 and lowest at 300 kghm -2”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency were highest at 90 kg/hm2 and lowest at 300 kg/hm2 nitrogen
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiencye5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 90 kghm -2e5
- Qualifier
- lowest at 300 kghm -2e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e5“Compared with other nitrogen application rates, (WSS) with the nitrogen of 240 kg hm -2 increased nitrogen accumulation in all growth stage while nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency were the highest at 90 kghm -2 and lowest at 300 kghm -2”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar accumulation increased in the middle and late growth stages
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- middle and late stagese6
- Outcome
- accumulation of soluble sugare6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e6“The accumulation of soluble sugar in the middle and late stages increased and the sucrose content and starch content increased in each period after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose content and starch content increased in each period after anthesis
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- each period after anthesise6
- Outcome
- sucrose content and starch contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e6“The accumulation of soluble sugar in the middle and late stages increased and the sucrose content and starch content increased in each period after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Albumin content was highest at 240 kg/hm2 nitrogen
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- albumine7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 240 kghm -2e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e7“The content of each protein component increased the albumin which was the highest at 240 kghm -2 and the globulin was the highest at 270 kghm -2”
Claim · model-written summary
Globulin content was highest at 270 kg/hm2 nitrogen
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- globuline7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 270 kghm -2e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e7“The content of each protein component increased the albumin which was the highest at 240 kghm -2 and the globulin was the highest at 270 kghm -2”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolamin and glutenin were highest at 300 kg/hm2 and at 240 kg/hm2 nitrogen
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- prolamin and glutenine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 300 kghm -2e0
- Qualifier
- in 240 kghm -2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e0“The prolamin and glutenin (storage protein) were the highest at 300 kghm -2 and in 240 kghm -2”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content was significantly improved at 300 kg/hm2 nitrogen compared with other nitrogen rates
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 300 kghm -2e0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen application ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e0“The protein content at 300 kghm -2 , and protein yield at 240 kghm -2 were significantly improved compared to other nitrogen application rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein yield was significantly improved at 240 kg/hm2 nitrogen compared with other nitrogen rates
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 240 kghm -2e0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen application ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e0“The protein content at 300 kghm -2 , and protein yield at 240 kghm -2 were significantly improved compared to other nitrogen application rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Sedimentation value, falling value and formation time increased as nitrogen fertilizer increased
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- sedimentation value, falling value, formation timee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e1“The sedimentation value, falling value, formation time, development time, wet gluten and the gluten index increased and the water absorption rate was relatively stable as nitrogen fertilizer increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Development time, wet gluten and gluten index increased as nitrogen fertilizer increased
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- development time, wet gluten and the gluten indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e1“The sedimentation value, falling value, formation time, development time, wet gluten and the gluten index increased and the water absorption rate was relatively stable as nitrogen fertilizer increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Water absorption rate was relatively stable as nitrogen fertilizer increased
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- water absorption ratee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT”
e1“The sedimentation value, falling value, formation time, development time, wet gluten and the gluten index increased and the water absorption rate was relatively stable as nitrogen fertilizer increased”
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