Abstract
Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years. The ability of fungicides to reduce disease-associated yield losses varies greatly depending on multiple factors. Nonetheless, historical data are useful to understand the broad sense and long-term trends related to fungicide use practices. In the current study, the relationship between estimated soybean yield losses due to selected foliar diseases and foliar fungicide use was investigated using annual data from 28 soybean growing states over the period of 2005 to 2015. For national and regional (southern and northern United States) scale data, mixed effects modeling was performed considering fungicide use as a fixed and state and year as random factors to generate generalized R2 values for marginal (R2GLMM(m); contains only fixed effects) and conditional (R2GLMM(c); contains fixed and random effects) models. Similar analyses were performed considering soybean production data to see how fungicide use affected production. Analyses at both national and regional scales showed that R2GLMM(m) values were significantly smaller compared to R2GLMM(c) values. The large difference between R2 values for conditional and marginal models indicated that the variation of yield loss as well as production were predominantly explained by the state and year rather than the fungicide use, revealing the general lack of fit between fungicide use and yield loss/production at national and regional scales. Therefore, regression models were fitted across states and years to examine their importance in combination with fungicide use on yield loss or yield. In the majority of cases, the relationship was nonsignificant. However, the relationship between soybean yield and fungicide use was significant and positive for majority of the years in the study. Results suggest that foliar fungicides conferred yield benefits in most of the years in the study. Furthermore, the year-dependent usefulness of foliar fungicides in mitigating soybean yield losses suggested the possible influence of temporally fluctuating abiotic factors on the effectiveness of foliar fungicides and/or target disease occurrence and associated loss magnitudes.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
For national and regional data, marginal R2 values were significantly smaller than conditional R2 values.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- R2GLMM(m) valuese2
- Comparator
- R2GLMM(c) valuese2
- Setting
- national and regional scalese2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years”
e2“Analyses at both national and regional scales showed that R2GLMM(m) values were significantly smaller compared to R2GLMM(c) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield loss and production were predominantly explained by state and year rather than by fungicide use.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fungicide usee3
- Outcome
- the variation of yield loss as well as productione3
- Qualifier
- predominantly explained by the state and yeare3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years”
e3“the variation of yield loss as well as production were predominantly explained by the state and year rather than the fungicide use”
Claim · model-written summary
In most cases, the relationship between fungicide use and yield loss or yield was nonsignificant across states and years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fungicide usee4
- Outcome
- yield loss or yielde4
- Qualifier
- In the majority of casese4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years”
e4“regression models were fitted across states and years to examine their importance in combination with fungicide use on yield loss or yield. In the majority of cases, the relationship was nonsignificant”
Claim · model-written summary
The relationship between soybean yield and fungicide use was significant and positive for most years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- fungicide usee5
- Outcome
- soybean yielde5
- Direction
- positivee5
- Qualifier
- for majority of the years in the studye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the relationship between soybean yield and fungicide use was significant and positive for majority of the years in the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fungicides conferred soybean yield benefits in most years of the study.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- foliar fungicidese6
- Outcome
- yield benefitse6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Qualifier
- in most of the years in the studye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years”
e6“Results suggest that foliar fungicides conferred yield benefits in most of the years in the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Year-dependent usefulness of foliar fungicides suggests possible influence of temporally fluctuating abiotic factors on their effectiveness.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of foliar fungicidese7
- Qualifier
- temporally fluctuating abiotic factorse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years”
e7“suggested the possible influence of temporally fluctuating abiotic factors on the effectiveness of foliar fungicides”
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See all 404 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.