Abstract
A survey of threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae), damage in 60 South Carolina peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., fields showed that 89 and 58% of plants had feeding girdles during 2003 and 2004, respectively. Use of a foliar insecticide for other target pests reduced hopper damage. Hopper damage was not affected by sampling distance from the field edge; therefore, injury was adequately assessed at 10 m from field borders. In-furrow insecticide choice, planting date, soil texture, previous crop, or tillage did not measurably affect girdling. Subsequent field experiments demonstrated a cultivar effect on threecornered alfalfa hopper injury, with the standard runner-type cultivar (‘Georgia Green’) more susceptible than the standard Virginia-type (‘NC-V11′). More than 50% of stem girdling occurred on the basal quarter (first five internodes) of the plant. Most feeding occurred on secondary branches of main and lateral stems. Weekly sampling of seven grower fields showed that adult hoppers colonize peanut during June and produce two generations on peanut. Only low levels of plant girding were observed in June, but plant girdling increased gradually through late July, when girdling markedly increased contemporary with peak populations of first generation nymphs and adults. A second increase in plant girdling, observed in early September, coincided with the second generation of nymphs on peanut. Foliar treatments at 45–60 d after planting (DAP) were most effective in suppressing injury. Granular chlorpyrifos treatment also suppressed hopper injury. There was no yield response to insecticide treatments at the hopper injury levels in these tests (up to six girdles per plant). Although the economic injury level (EIL) for this pest has not been defined, our data indicate that a critical interval for monitoring hopper activity is the first 3 wk of July, before the occurrence of significant injury. Where growers have a consistent risk of economic injury, applying foliar treatment in mid-July would be most effective in suppressing damage.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding girdles occurred on 89% of plants in 2003.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“89 and 58% of plants had feeding girdles during 2003 and 2004, respectively.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding girdles occurred on 58% of plants in 2004.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“89 and 58% of plants had feeding girdles during 2003 and 2004, respectively.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar insecticide for other pests reduced hopper damage.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Use of a foliar insecticide for other target pests reduced hopper damage.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Hopper damage was unaffected by distance from the field edge.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Hopper damage was not affected by sampling distance from the field edge; therefore, injury was adequately assessed at 10 m from field borders.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
In-furrow insecticide choice did not measurably affect girdling.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“In-furrow insecticide choice, planting date, soil texture, previous crop, or tillage did not measurably affect girdling.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting date did not measurably affect girdling.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In-furrow insecticide choice, planting date, soil texture, previous crop, or tillage did not measurably affect girdling.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil texture did not measurably affect girdling.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In-furrow insecticide choice, planting date, soil texture, previous crop, or tillage did not measurably affect girdling.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Previous crop did not measurably affect girdling.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In-furrow insecticide choice, planting date, soil texture, previous crop, or tillage did not measurably affect girdling.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage did not measurably affect girdling.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In-furrow insecticide choice, planting date, soil texture, previous crop, or tillage did not measurably affect girdling.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Georgia Green was more susceptible to hopper injury than NC-V11.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the standard runner-type cultivar (‘Georgia Green’) more susceptible than the standard Virginia-type (‘NC-V11′).”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Over half of stem girdling was on the basal quarter.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“More than 50% of stem girdling occurred on the basal quarter (first five internodes) of the plant.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Most feeding was on secondary branches of main and lateral stems.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Most feeding occurred on secondary branches of main and lateral stems.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult hoppers colonized peanut in June and produced two generations.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Outcome
- adult hoppers colonize peanut during June and produce two generationse0
- Value
- two generationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adult hoppers colonize peanut during June and produce two generations on peanut.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant girdling rose gradually through late July and rose markedly with first-generation peaks.
- Outcome
- plant girdlinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- peak populations of first generation nymphs and adultse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“plant girdling increased gradually through late July, when girdling markedly increased contemporary with peak populations of first generation nymphs and adults.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant girdling increased again in early September alongside second-generation nymphs.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Outcome
- plant girdlinge0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- early Septembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A second increase in plant girdling, observed in early September, coincided with the second generation of nymphs on peanut.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatment at 45–60 days after planting most effectively suppressed injury.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar treatments at 45–60 d after planting (DAP) were most effective in suppressing injury.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Granular chlorpyrifos suppressed hopper injury.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Granular chlorpyrifos treatment also suppressed hopper injury.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide treatment produced no yield response at observed injury levels.
- Treatment
- insecticide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- no yield responsee0
- Qualifier
- up to six girdles per plante0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“There was no yield response to insecticide treatments at the hopper injury levels in these tests (up to six girdles per plant).”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend monitoring hopper activity in the first three weeks of July.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“a critical interval for monitoring hopper activity is the first 3 wk of July, before the occurrence of significant injury.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend mid-July foliar treatment where economic injury risk is consistent.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Where growers have a consistent risk of economic injury, applying foliar treatment in mid-July would be most effective in suppressing damage.”
t0“Peanut”
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