Abstract
BACKGROUND: The occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in Asia was reported for the first time from Karnataka in 2018. This pest is widely distributed in India, causing significant damage to maize. Management of this recent invasive pest in maize-growing regions of India relies on chemical control. Resistance is the greatest obstacle to the successful use of chemical insecticides to control this pest. Indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides destroys beneficial natural enemies, therefore effective and sustainable alternative control strategies are needed. In this case, the use of biological control agents is the alternative option to mitigate this pest. Thus, this study aimed to select virulent entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) isolates based on the laboratory assay and further to test the efficacy of virulent isolates in the field conditions along with commonly used chemical insecticide emamectin benzoate against S. frugiperda. RESULTS: Laboratory results revealed that both Heterorhabditis indica 1 NBAIIH38 and Steinernema carpocapsae NBAIRS59 caused 100% mortality in third- and fourth-instar larvae of S. frugiperda, while these two species caused 85% and 72% mortality in pupae, respectively. When pupae of S. frugiperda were exposed to EPNs, pupae died after metamorphosis to malformed adults. All the nematode species were able to penetrate and reproduce within S. frugiperda larvae, but the reproduction rate for Heterorhabditids was higher than that of Steinernematids. Field trial results showed that H. indica 1 NBAIIH38 significantly reduced the number of larvae and leaf damage scores compared to S. carpocapsae NBAIRS59. Emamectin benzoate was more effective in reducing the larval population compared to EPN species. The cob yield was significantly higher in EPN- and emamectin benzoate-treated plots than in untreated control plots. CONCLUSION: Overall, these experiments suggest H. indica 1 NBAIIH38 is a promising biocontrol agent against S. frugiperda in maize production. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Heterorhabditis indica 1 NBAIIH38 caused 100% mortality of third- and fourth-instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae.
- Interactor
- S. frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae0t0pest - Second interactor
- Heterorhabditis indica 1 NBAIIH38Heterorhabditis indicae0t0biocontrol_agent
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“both Heterorhabditis indica 1 NBAIIH38 and Steinernema carpocapsae NBAIRS59 caused 100% mortality in third- and fourth-instar larvae of S. frugiperda”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Steinernema carpocapsae NBAIRS59 caused 100% larval mortality.
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0t0pest
- Second interactor
- Steinernema carpocapsae NBAIRS59
Steinernema carpocapsaee0t0biocontrol_agent
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both Heterorhabditis indica 1 NBAIIH38 and Steinernema carpocapsae NBAIRS59 caused 100% mortality in third- and fourth-instar larvae of S. frugiperda”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
H. indica caused 85% pupal mortality.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these two species caused 85% and 72% mortality in pupae, respectively”
e1“Heterorhabditis indica 1 NBAIIH38”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
S. carpocapsae caused 72% pupal mortality.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these two species caused 85% and 72% mortality in pupae, respectively”
e1“Steinernema carpocapsae NBAIRS59”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposed S. frugiperda pupae died after metamorphosis into malformed adults.
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0t0pest
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When pupae of S. frugiperda were exposed to EPNs, pupae died after metamorphosis to malformed adults.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested nematode species penetrated and reproduced within S. frugiperda larvae.
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0t0pest
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the nematode species were able to penetrate and reproduce within S. frugiperda larvae”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterorhabditid nematodes reproduced more than steinernematids in larvae.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reproduction rate for Heterorhabditids was higher than that of Steinernematids.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
H. indica reduced S. frugiperda larval numbers relative to S. carpocapsae in field trials.
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae0e1t0pest
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. indica 1 NBAIIH38 significantly reduced the number of larvae and leaf damage scores compared to S. carpocapsae NBAIRS59.”
e1“larvae of S. frugiperda”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
H. indica reduced leaf damage scores relative to S. carpocapsae in field trials.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. indica 1 NBAIIH38 significantly reduced the number of larvae and leaf damage scores compared to S. carpocapsae NBAIRS59.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate reduced larval populations more than EPN species.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Emamectin benzoate was more effective in reducing the larval population compared to EPN species.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
EPN treatment increased cob yield relative to untreated plots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cob yield was significantly higher in EPN- and emamectin benzoate-treated plots than in untreated control plots.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate treatment increased cob yield relative to untreated plots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cob yield was significantly higher in EPN- and emamectin benzoate-treated plots than in untreated control plots.”
t0“maize”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.